A.K. Tyagi

Adenosine trifhosphatase activity in few tissues of a fresh water teleost, Channa gachua following in vivo exposure to endosulfan

Fresh water teleost fish, Channa gachua, were chronically exposed to various sublethal concentrations of endosulfan (0.00534, 0.00355, 0.00213 and 0.00174 mg/1) at 25 +/- 4 degrees C for 30 and 60 days respectively. The study shows enzyme inhibitions, greatest in oligomycin-insensitive Mg2+ ATPase in brain, gill and liver tissues, with pronounced effects at highest endosulfan concentration for 60 days exposure. However, in kidney the highest inhibition was of oligomycin-sensitive (mitochondrial) Mg2+ ATPase. The study indicates that endosulfan interferes with energy metabolism in vivo. The marked sensitivity of mitochondrial Mg2+ ATPase to endosulfan is suggestive of the potential for endosulfan to interfere markedly with various energy requiring processes in the fish body.

Bioassay trials with twenty three pesticides to a fresh water teleost, saccobranchus fossilis

Abstract Bioassay tests were conducted with twenty three pesticides taking a fresh water teleost, Saccobranchus fossilis as test animal. Acute toxic ranges and LC 50 values for 7 organochlorine, (thiotox, endosulfan, heptachlor, chlordane, aldrin, lindane and BHC), 14 organophosphorus (zolone, ekalux, diazinon, rogor, DDVP, malatox, sumithion, ekatin, metasystox, malathion, phosvel, dipterex, formothion and abate) and 2 carbamate pesticides (carbofuran and sevin) were determined using static testing procedures for a period of 24, 48, 72 and 96 h both by graphical interpolation and probit analysis. 95% fiducial limits and heterogeneity factors X 2 ) only for 96 h LC 50 values were calculated. The relative potency of all the 23 pesticides have been calculated with respect to abate. It was in the decreasing order from organochlorines (1–7), to organophosphorus (8–21) and carbamate pesticides (22, 23), respectively. The presumable safe concentrations were computed, using 0.021, 0.024 and 0.026 as arbitrary application factors based on other species for organochlorines, organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides, respectively.

Evaluation of acute toxicity of phenol and its chloro- and nitro-derivatives to certain teleosts

Acute toxicity bioassays were conducted to evaluate the comparative toxicity of phenol (an aromatic hydrocarbon) pentachlorophenol (chloro-derivative of phenol) and dinitrophenol (nitro-derivative of phenol) for determining the LC50 and acute toxicity range for 24, 48, 72 and 96h, against the test fishes Notopterus notopterus, Colisa fasciatus and Saccobranchus fossilis. Relative susceptibility of fish, safe concentrations, heterogeneity factors and fiducial limits (95 %) were calculated using 96 h LC50 values. Regression equations and slope functions (s) were calculated for each time interval. On the basis of relative susceptibility for phenol, Notopterus notopterus was found to be more susceptible as compared to Saccobranchus fossilis and the susceptibility of Colisa fasciatus lies in between the two. In case of pentachlorophenol and dinitrophenol, susceptibility lies in the increasing order from Colisa fasciatus, Saccobranchus fossilis to Notopterus notopterus.

Toxicity of textile waste to some teleost fishes

LC50 values for different periods, acute toxicity ranges and presumable harmless concentrations, along with relative susceptibility of a few freshwater teleost fish to textile waste have been determined. The presumable harmless concentration to regulate the disposal of this waste was 1.1254, 0.4966, 0.9912, 1.0157, and 1.086% by volume for fish, Saccobranchus fossilis, Labeo rohita, Notopterus notopterus, Colisa fasciatus, and Ophiocephalus punctatus respectively.

In vitro effect of sodium lauryl sulphate on ATPase system in a few tissues from Channa punctatus

Abstract In vitro administration to sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) of a few tissues from Channa punctatus have a remarkable effect on the ATPase system. Maximum inhibition was noted in the brain followed by gill, kidney and liver, respectively. Inhibition of oligomycin-insensitive Mg 2+ ATPase activity was more significant as compared to that of Na + -K + and oligomycin-sensitive Mg 2+ ATPase activities. It is inferred that the effect of SLS on the ATPase system is concentration-dependent and varying from tissue to tissue.

Subacute stress induced by sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) on certain haematological parameters in Saccobranchus fossilis

Fish Saccobranchus fossilis were exposed to various subacute levels (0.45, 0.56, 0.75, 1.12, and 2.24 mg l−1) of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) for periods of 30 and 60 days, and the haematological response in blood was investigated. A significant fall (P < 0.05) in coagulation time was observed after 30 days exposure to 2.24 mg l−1 and 60 days exposure to 1.12 and 2.24 mg l−1 of this syndet. Reduction of haemoglobin, at RBC and WBC was observed at all the syndet levels and at both the exposure periods. Significant (P < 0.05) increases in hematocrit values were noted at 2.24 mg l−1 of SLS at both exposures.

Effect of distillery waste on some freshwater teleosts—Biochemical studies☆

Abstract The effect of distillery waste on the activities of alkaline and acid phosphatases in two teleost fishes, Ophiocephalus punctatus and Saccobranchus fossilis , is reported. The waste produced a significant fall in enzyme activity and this was more significant in liver than in kidney in both species. Further, the increase in exposure time decreased enzyme activity significantly.

Effect of swascol® 1P (SLS) on liver, kidney and intestine acid and alkaline phosphatases from Channa punctatus and Cirrhina mrigala

Abstract Liver, kidney and intestine homogenate acid and alkaline phosphatases from Channa punctatus exposed to sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) in vitro were markedly affected. Maximum inhibition was also noted on liver alkaline phosphatase activity from Cirrhina mrigala . Alkaline phosphatase activity in liver and kidney was more inhibited than acid phosphatase. Acid phosphatase inhibition in intestine was more pronounced than that of alkaline phosphatase. The effect of SLS on these phosphatases was concentration dependent and varied from tissue to tissue and from fish to fish.

In vivo effect of the syndets Idet® 5L and Swank® 6L on ATPase activity in the teleost,Channa punctatus

Channa punctatus were exposed to various sub-lethal concentrations of Idet 5L and Swanic 6L for 25 and 50 days. Brain and gill homogenates were analyzed for enzyme activity from treated and untreated fish. Enzyme inhibitions were highest in oligomycin-insensitive Mg++ ATPase, with pronounced effects (over 65% inhibition) after 50 days exposure of fish to 7.5 mg/ L concentration of Swanic 6L. Fish exposed to lowest concentrations of syndets showed an insignificant activation of Na+-K+ and oligomycin-sensitive Mg++ ATPases in the gill.

Pollutional studies of few rivers of Western Uttar Pradesh with reference to biological indices

The pollution studies of four rivers of Western Uttar Pradesh with reference to biological indices are reported. Physico-chemical and biological characteristics of the river water at 16 sampling points have been studied and the correlation between them have been made. It is observed that the species number (n) and the total number of organisms (N) of the phytoplankton and zooplankton, though exhibit a relationship at certain stretch with the increase or decrease of pollution intensity yet it is not found very specific and so no definite conclusions could be made. However, the quantitative and qualitative changes in the distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates are clear and specific. Benthic production is observed lower at the points having BOD below 20 mg/l, perhaps because of low availability of food, while at 110 mg/l BOD the highest benthic production (547 per Ekman grab) was observed and this may be due to the presence of good amount of food. Further, the species number (n) and organism number (N) of benthic fauna decline very much and finally disappear completely with the increase of BOD i.e. more than 310 mg/l or with the disappearance of DO (dissolved oxygen).