A.M. Khallil

Growth and Enzyme Activities of Fungi and Bacteria in Soil Salinized with Sodium Chloride

In soil salinized with different concentrations of sodium chloride, the total counts of soil fungi were significantly decreased during 11 weeks of incubation. Similarly, the total count of bacteria and actinomycetes were severely depressed by increasing salinity level above 5%. Invertase and urease activities were severely decreased as NaCl concentration increase during the incubation. Also, the effect on nitrate reductase was inhibitory with most treatments.

New 2H-tetrahydro-1, 3, 5-thiadiazine-2-thiones incorporating glycine and glycinamide as potential antifungal agents.

The new title derivatives (4b—h and 5a—i) were synthesized by reaction of the appropriate primary amine, carbon disulphide, and formaldehyde. These derivatives were prepared in order to study the effects of introducing polar groups at N3 or N5 or at both positions on the biological activity. The compounds were tested for their antifungal activity in vitro against pathogenic (Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans), phytopathogenic (Penicillum expansum, Trichoderma hazianum, and Fasarium oxysporum), and aflatoxin‐producing (Aspergillus flavus) fungi. These compounds exhibited varied inhibitory effects on growth or sporulation of some tested fungal species.

Studies on aquatic fungi in Delta Region (Egypt)

Summary 117 species and 2 varieties related to 2,712 colonies in addition to 991 unidentified colonies of the genera Achlya, Saprolegnia, Pythium and Phytophthora were recovered in this investigation. The richest season (94 species, 1,018 colonies) was autumn and the poorest (58 species, 720 colonies) was summer. The richest samples were generally characterized by comperatively high amounts of organic matter, high oxygen content, low contents of salts and low to moderate temperature. The pH value did not show any regular seasonal variation and did not exhibit any considerable influence on fungal population. The fungal species which possess centric or subcentric oospores prevailed in low or moderate temperature season and those which possess eccentric oospores prevailed in summer season. 12 species disappeared completely in summer and 7 in winter. Some species appeared only in spring and autumn and others appeared althrough the year. In estuarine sites of both Nile branches, no Saprolegniaceae appeared in salinity exceeding 1.5% whereas some species which belong to Peronosporales and Chytridiales appeared but only in a limited occurrence.

Mycoflora of mangroves of red sea in Egypt

Nine species in addition to two unidentified species belonging to 8 genera of zoosporic fungi were recovered from 12 mangrove water and mud samples on hemp and sesame seeds,Pinus poolen grains and onion skin as baits at 22°C.Saprolegnia ferax, S. furcata andPhlyctochytrium sp. were recovered only from water samples;Allomyces arbuscula, Pythium aphanidermatum, P. thalasium andThraustochytrium roseum were recovered only from mud samples.

Aquatic fungi associated with seven species of nile fishes (Egypt)

Ten identified species in addition to 2 unidentified species of Achlya and Pythium which belong to seven zoosporic fungal genera (aquatic freshwater fungi) were recovered during this investigation. The fish species with most zoosporic fungi (5 species and 3 genera) was Tilapia nilotica. The fish species with least fungi were Bagrus bayad and Syndontis schall (yielded only one species each). Mormyrus kannum did not give any zoosporic fungal species. Some aquatic fungi emerged only from internal organs of some fish species. 46 species belonging to 22 terrestrial fungal genera were also recovered during this work. The broadest spectrum (15 species) was recorded in the second external wash water (WE2) of Mormyrus kannum and the narrowest spectrum (2 species) in the second internal wash water (WI2) of Schilbe mystus and with the scales of Labeo niloticus. First wash water of internal organs (WI1) of Tilapia nilotica yielded the highest total count (6.95% of total count) and the second wash water of internal organs (WI2) of Schilbe mystus yielded the lowest total count (0.34% of total count). Nile water sample (NW) yielded 3.67% of total fungi and eight species which belong to seven genera. Aspergillus was the most common (31 out of 31 samples) and yielded 52.40% of total fungi. It was represented by 12 species and one variety of A. flavus var. columnaris (broadest spectrum). Penicillium was represented by 7 species and found in 19 out of 31 samples yielding 11.02% of total fungi.

Antifungal Potential in Crude Extracts of Five Selected Brown Seaweeds Collected from the Western Libya Coast

Introduction Antifungal Potential in Crude Extracts of Five Selected Brown Seaweeds Collected from the Western Libya Coast Khallil AM*1, Daghman IM2 and FadyAA2 1Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Egypt 2Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Misurata University, Libya *Corresponding author: Khallil AM, Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Egypt, E-mail: raouf42@yahoo.com Citation: Khallil AM, Daghman IM, FadyAA (2015) Antifungal Potential in Crude Extracts of Five Selected Brown Seaweeds Collected from the Western Libya Coast. J Micro Creat 1(1): 103 Research Article Open Access

Aquatic fungi from the submerged mud of Aswan High Dam Lake

Abstract Twenty five identified and four unidentified aquatic fungal species which belong to eleven genera of aquatic fungi were recovered from one hundred samples of the submerged mud which were collected randomly from the margins at different localities of Aswan High Dam Lake banks during the period from May 1992 to October 1992. The richest submerged mud samples in aquatic fungi were characterized by somewhat alkaline pH ranging between 7.1 and 7.9 and by low amounts of total soluble salts (1.9–2.9 mg/100 g mud sample) and low organic matter (1.6–0.4 mg/100 g). Approximately 54% of the mud samples yielded only one aquatic fungal species per sample. Pythium and Saprolegnia were the commonest aquatic fungal genera recovered during this investigation, whereas Leptomitus and Nowakowskiella were less frequent.

Effect of Some Heavy Metals on the Mycelial Growth of Achlya racemosa and Alatospora acuminata

Summary Achlya racemosa and Alatospora acuminata cultures were subjected to various levels of NiCl2, CdCl2, Pb(NO3)2 and CuSO4. The mycelial dry weight of two fungal species decreased with the raise of the levels of all heavy metal salts used. The toxicity of these heavy metals correlated to some abiotic factors such as pH, temperature and organic matter (peptone and yeast extract) was examined. The toxicity of NiCl2, Pb(NO3)2 and CuSO4 was reduced with the raise of pH value irrespective to either dose used or the fungus tested whereas toxicity of CdCl2 was enhanced. The raise of temperature than 20 °C induce the toxicity of all tested heavy metals. Increasing the concentrations of either peptone or yeast extract from 0.25 to 1.50 % reduce the toxicity of four tested heavy metals whatever the dose used.

Fungi inhabiting some aquatic macro-invertebrates and water plants of the Nile at Egypt

Summary In the present investigation, fungi inhabiting some aquatic macro-invertebrates and water plants of the Nile at Egypt were identified. The macro-invertebrates studied included seven species of Mollusca ( Cleopatra bulimoides, Lanistes carinatus, Lymnaea sp., Biomphalaria alexandrina, Bulinus truncatus, Oxyloma sp. and Unio sp.), four larvae of insects (belonging to four families: Libellulidae, Aeschnidae, Belostomatidae and Hydrometridae ), adult of an unidentified insect, the fresh-water prawn (Class Crustacea) (♀, ♂ Caridina nilotica nilotica ), and an earthworm. Also, the material examined included two species of freshwater plants ( Ceratophyllum demersum and Eichhornia crassipes ) and water samples from the collecting site. Seventy-four species in addition to 3 varieties belonging to 45 fungal genera were isolated during this investigation. Of these 32 species related to 18 zoosporic fungal genera (using baiting technique) and 42 species in addition to 3 varieties representing 27 terrestrial fungal genera (using glucose and cellulose-Czapek’s agar media). Dictyuchus, Achlya, Allomyces and Pythium were the commonest zoosporic genera and Aspegillus, Penicillium and Trichoderma were most prevalent terrestrial fungal genera. The water and earthworm (phylum Annelida ) samples were the richest in both zoosporic and terrestrial fungi followed by the phyllosphere of Ceratophyllum demersum , the female of the freshwater prawn ( Caridina nilotica nilotica ) in case of the zoosporic fungi and the larvae of “ Libellulidae ” and male of the prawn in case of terrestrial fungi. On the other side, the poorest substrates were the soft part of Biomphalaria alexandrina and the shell of Bulinus truncatus in case of zoosporic fungi whereas the shell of Oxyloma sp. and the phylloplane of Eichhornia crassipes in case of terrestrial fungi.

Aquatic Fungi Recovered from Sewage Effluents (Assiut, Egypt)

Using zoospore capture technique, 361 colonies of aquatic freshwater fungi were recovered from sewage effluents, out of which 341 reached sexual maturity. These colonies were assigned to 21 species which belong to 9 genera. 67 species in addition to 2 varieties of terrestrial fungi which belong to 25 genera were also recovered.