A. Serma Saravana Pandian

Evaluation of Bovine Digesta as Organic Fertilizer in Maize Using Pot Experiments

Fertilizers enhance the growth of plants by supplying one or more essential nutrients to plants. Fertilizers provide macronutrients Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium, secondary macronutrients Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphur and micronutrients Copper, Iron, Zinc and Manganese. The macronutrients, consumed in large quantities by plants are present in plant tissues from 0.15% 6% on dry matter basis. Nitrogen present in proteins, DNA and other components like chlorophyll are not available to plants as they are not in fixed form. This makes Nitrogen the most important fertilizer. Fertilizers can be International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 07 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Changing Dimensions of Export of Leather and Leather products in India – A Markov Chain Analysis

Leather Industry in India, occupies a place of prominence in the Indian economy, in view of its massive potential for employment, growth and exports. The industry covers a vast spectrum of inputs, activities, skills and products i.e. livestock, hides and skins, tanning, leather products and exports. The tanning industry is concentrated in three states viz. Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh. The other important states are Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab. The main products made out of leather are footwear, leather garments, leather goods such as hand bags, belts, wallets, gloves, sports goods, harness and saddlery, upholstery etc. In this article, the growth rate of leather export was measured by fitting an exponential time trend of the form. The growth rate was the highest for finished leather (14.77 per cent) followed by leather goods (13.79 per cent), leather foot wear (11.35 per cent) and foot wear components (6.3 per cent); it was the lowest for leather garments (4.8 per cent). For finding out the changes in the structure of the leather export of India, Markov chain analysis was used. The results indicated that the stability in leather export of India was higher with Germany and Spain. The stability was meager with UK and other countries. The leather exports to USA, Italy, Hong Kong and France were completely unstable. INTRODUCTION Leather Industry in India, occupies a place of prominence in the Indian economy, in view of its massive potential for employment, growth and exports. There has been increasing emphasis on its planned development, aimed at optimum utilisation of available raw materials for maximising the returns, particularly from exports. The Indian leather industry contributes export earnings of Rs.8650 crores (US

CONSTRAINTS IN MILK PRODUCTION FACED BY THE FARMERS IN PONDICHERRY UNION TERRITORY

1800 million in 2002-03) and provides employment to nearly 2.5 million. It is now poised for a big leap to double its global share from the present 3%.(FIEO News,2004) The industry covers a vast spectrum of inputs, activities, skills and products i.e. livestock, hides and skins, tanning, leather products and exports Hides and Skins Hides (from cattle and buffaloes) and skins (from goats and sheep) are obtained from their slaughter and mortality. The availability of hides and skins is determined by the demand for meat, and the rate of mortality. In other words, the supply is inelastic to the demand from the leather industry. About 60% of hides and 90% of the skins are obtained from slaughter. It is well known that in India, cattle and buffaloes are reared for milk and draught, and they end up being slaughtered when they become unproductive. On the other hand, goats and sheep are basically reared for meat. Leather Products Industries The main products made out of leather are footwear, leather garments, leather goods such as hand bags, belts, wallets, gloves, sports goods, harness and saddlery, upholstery etc. Of all these items, it is footwear that consumes about 60% of the total leather production. The manufacture and export of leather products is systematically promoted as their value addition is 4 to 5 times that of raw material. DATA AND METHODOLOGY Analytical Tools Employed (i) Conventional analysis in the form of percentages (ii) Compound Growth rate analysis The growth rate of leather export was measured by fitting an exponential time trend of the form (Ramesh chand and Tewari,1991 and Veena et al.1995)