A. V. Pathare

Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer: Part of the Mars Volatile and Climate Surveyor integrated payload

The Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA) on the Mars Polar Lander spacecraft is composed of two separate components which are closely coupled: a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) and an Evolved Gas Analyzer (EGA). TEGA has the capability of performing differential scanning calorimetry on eight small (0.038 mL) soil samples selected in the vicinity of the lander. The samples will be heated in ovens to temperatures up to 950°C, and the volatile compounds water and carbon dioxide, which are released during the heating, will be analyzed in the EGA. The power required by the sample oven is continuously monitored during the heating and compared to that required to heat simultaneously a similar, but empty, oven. The power difference is the output of the DSC. Both endothermic and exothermic phase transitions can be detected, and the data can be used in the identification of the phases present. By correlating the gas release with the calorimetry, the abundance of the volatile compounds associated with the different phases can be determined. The EGA may also be able to detect the release of oxygen associated with any superoxide that may be on the surface of the soil grains. The instrument can detect the melting of ice in the DSC down to abundances on the order of 0.2% of the sample, and it can detect the decomposition of calcite, CaCO3, down to abundances of 0.5%. Using the EGA, TEGA can detect small amounts of water, down to 8 ppm in the sample, and it can detect the associated release of CO2 down to the equivalent abundances of 0.03%. The EGA also has the ability to determine the 13C/12C ratio in the evolved CO2, but it is not clear if the accuracy of this ratio will be sufficient to address the scientific issues.

The MVACS tunable diode laser spectrometers

Two independent tunable diode laser spectrometers are resident aboard the Mars Polar Lander as part of the Mars Volatiles and Climate Surveyor payload. One spectrometer is located on the meteorological mast for measurements of H2O and CO2 in the free atmosphere, and the other serves as the H2O and CO2 analyzer for the Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer. Water vapor is measured using a tunable diode laser operating at 1.37 μm, while CO2 is measured using a second laser operating near 2.05 μm. The 2.05 μm laser also has isotopic analysis capability. In addition to the major CO2 isotopomer (12C16O16O), analyses of 13C16O16O and 12C18O16O in the atmosphere and in the Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer are possible under certain conditions. The spectrometers were designed and built at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and have their heritage in a series of tunable diode laser spectrometers developed for Earth atmospheric studies using high-altitude aircraft and balloon platforms. The 1.37 μm diode laser on the meteorological mast will provide the first in situ measurements of water vapor in the Martian boundary layer, with a detection sensitivity an order of magnitude greater than the water vapor abundances inferred from the remote-sensing observations by the Viking Orbiters.