Aakar Gupta

mClerk: enabling mobile crowdsourcing in developing regions

Global crowdsourcing platforms could offer new employment opportunities to low-income workers in developing countries. However, the impact to date has been limited because poor communities usually lack access to computers and the Internet. This paper presents mClerk, a new platform for mobile crowdsourcing in developing regions. mClerk sends and receives tasks via SMS, making it accessible to anyone with a low-end mobile phone. However, mClerk is not limited to text: it leverages a little-known protocol to send small images via ordinary SMS, enabling novel distribution of graphical tasks. Via a 5-week deployment in semi-urban India, we demonstrate that mClerk is effective for digitizing local-language documents. Usage of mClerk spread virally from 10 users to 239 users, who digitized over 25,000 words during the study. We discuss the social ecosystem surrounding this usage, and evaluate the potential of mobile crowdsourcing to both deliver and derive value from users in developing regions.

DualKey: Miniature Screen Text Entry via Finger Identification

Fast and accurate access to keys for text entry remains an open question for miniature screens. Existing works typically use a cumbersome two-step selection process, first to zero-in on a particular zone and second to make the key selection. We introduce DualKey, a miniature screen text entry technique with a single selection step that relies on finger identification. We report on the results of a 10 day longitudinal study with 10 participants that evaluated speed, accuracy, and learning. DualKey outperformed the existing techniques on long-term performance with a speed of 19.6 WPM. We then optimized the keyboard layout for reducing finger switching time based on the study data. A second 10 day study with eight participants showed that the new sweqty layout improved upon DualKey even further to 21.59 WPM for long-term speed, was comparable to existing techniques on novice speed and outperformed existing techniques on novice accuracy rate.

Porous Interfaces for Small Screen Multitasking using Finger Identification

The lack of dedicated multitasking interface features in smartphones has resulted in users attempting a sequential form of multitasking via frequent app switching. In addition to the obvious temporal cost, it requires physical and cognitive effort which increases multifold as the back and forth switching becomes more frequent. We propose porous interfaces, a paradigm that combines the concept of translucent windows with finger identification to support efficient multitasking on small screens. Porous interfaces enable partially transparent app windows overlaid on top of each other, each of them being accessible simultaneously using a different finger as input. We design porous interfaces to include a broad range of multitasking interactions with and between windows, while ensuring fidelity with the existing smartphone interactions. We develop an end-to-end smartphone interface that demonstrates porous interfaces. In a qualitative study, participants found porous interfaces intuitive, easy, and useful for frequent multitasking scenarios.

A biometric attendance terminal and its application to health programs in India

Tracking attendance is a necessity in a variety of contexts in the developing world, encompassing health programs, schools, government offices, and a litany of other milieux. While electronic attendance tracking systems exist and perform their core function well, they are expensive, monolithic and offer little customizability. In this paper we describe a fingerprint-based biometric attendance system implemented using off-the-shelf components: a netbook computer, a commodity fingerprint reader, and a low-cost mobile phone. The system identifies visitors based only on their fingerprint, and uploads attendance logs to a central location via SMS. Its functionality goes beyond that of existing market offerings while improving modularity, extensibility, and cost of ownership. We deployed this system in two health programs - supporting tuberculosis patients in New Delhi and sex workers in Bangalore -- and logged over 550 users and 4,500 visits over the course of several months. Our experience suggests that the system is usable in real-world contexts, though incentives are needed to sustain usage over time. We reflect on the sociocultural factors surrounding adoption and describe the potential to impact health outcomes in the future.

Direct Manipulation in Tactile Displays

Tactile displays have predominantly been used for information transfer using patterns or as assistive feedback for interactions. With recent advances in hardware for conveying increasingly rich tactile information that mirrors visual information, and the increasing viability of wearables that remain in constant contact with the skin, there is a compelling argument for exploring tactile interactions as rich as visual displays. Direct Manipulation underlies much of the advances in visual interactions. In this work, we introduce the concept of a Direct Manipulation-enabled Tactile display (DMT). We define the concepts of a tactile screen, tactile pixel, tactile pointer, and tactile target which enable tactile pointing, selection and drag & drop. We build a proof of concept tactile display and study its precision limits. We further develop a performance model for DMTs based on a tactile target acquisition study. Finally, we study user performance in a real-world DMT menu application. The results show that users are able to use the application with relative ease and speed.

HapticClench: Investigating Squeeze Sensations using Memory Alloys

Squeezing sensations are one of the most common and intimate forms of human contact. In this paper, we investigate HapticClench, a device that generates squeezing sensations using shape memory alloys. We define squeezing feedback in terms of it perceptual properties and conduct a psychophysical evaluation of HapticClench. HapticClench is capable of generating up to four levels of distinguishable load and works well in distracted scenarios. HapticClench has a high spatial acuity and can generate spatial patterns on the wrist that the user can accurately recognize. We also demonstrate the use of HapticClench for communicating gradual progress of an activity, and for generating squeezing sensations using rings and loose bracelets.

Five years of IndiaHCI: A Scientometric Analysis

Scientometric analyses of conferences both in and outside HCI have provided valuable insights into the conferences and their advancement. After five consecutive years of IndiaHCI, there is a need to reflect upon its various aspects in a formal data-driven approach. We analyze the demographics, citations and content of the IndiaHCI proceedings from 2010 to 2014 to draw statistics and interpret results to comment upon the growth, spread, collaboration and themes of the conference and their impact. The results highlight the trends, the points of encouragement and the areas of improvement for the conference.

Biometric monitoring as a persuasive technology: ensuring patients visit health centers in india's slums

Managing chronic disease is particularly challenging in the developing world, because every trip to a health center can translate to lost time and wages on the part of the patient. This problem is especially acute for tuberculosis patients, who in India are required to visit a center over 40 times in the course of a six-month treatment period. In this paper, we explore the role of a biometric attendance terminal in persuading patients to complete follow-up health visits in slum communities of New Delhi, India. The terminal, which enrolled over 2,300 patients across 25 centers during our 2 years of observation, uses biometric fingerprint scanning to ensure that tuberculosis patients receive and take medications on the right schedule. We evaluate the perceived impact of the terminal via interviews with 8 health workers, 4 center owners, and 23 patients. Our findings suggest that the biometric terminal helps to draw patients to the center, both by incentivizing health workers to convince patients to come, and by persuading patients that in-person visits are important.

Haptic Learning of Semaphoric Finger Gestures

Haptic learning of gesture shortcuts has never been explored. In this paper, we investigate haptic learning of a freehand semaphoric finger tap gesture shortcut set using haptic rings. We conduct a two-day study of 30 participants where we couple haptic stimuli with visual and audio stimuli, and compare their learning performance with wholly visual learning. The results indicate that with <30 minutes of learning, haptic learning of finger tap semaphoric gestures is comparable to visual learning and maintains its recall on the second day.

DISHA: Disease and health awareness for children on multiple input devices

Much recent work in multiple input use scenarios for childrens learning software has focused either on math or on English language learning. The persistence of under-information among children in the developing world on issues of hygiene and disease prevention remains a massive challenge within the scholarly community in public health, especially in the developing regions that multiple input learning technologies are designed for. DISHA is a collaborative platform for public health information for children in low-income regions using multiple mice. The system is designed towards collaborative use of screen resources.