Aaron Spencer Fogleman

The transformation of the Atlantic World, 1776–1867

Abstract This essay surveys recent overviews of Atlantic history and follows up on the encounters theme to provide a clearer view of how the Atlantic World was transformed from the late eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth centuries and how its history might be distinguished from global history. The Atlantic World was the world made by encounters among Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans wherever they occurred on all four continents and at sea. It began with Columbus and three related developments occurring from 1776 to 1867 led to its transformation by the middle third of the nineteenth century: (1) revolution and independence in the Americas, (2) the end of the Atlantic slave trade, and (3) expanded European colonization of Africa. By pushing the end or transformation of the Atlantic World farther into the nineteenth century than most Atlantic historians have done, it becomes clearer how closely related revolutions and national liberation movements were to the end of the slave trade (and in many areas slavery itself). Further, tracing the course of these developments through the middle third of the nineteenth century reveals how the changing relationship between Europe and Africa influenced the transformation of the Atlantic World, something previous Atlantic historians have not fully considered. Many of the distinguishing features of the Atlantic World and the modern relevance of this subject lie in the paradoxes of slavery and freedom, and conquest and liberty (as well as opportunity) that developed during this era, and the tensions that evolved around these paradoxes during the era of transformation.

Jesus Is Female: The Moravian Challenge in the German Communities of British North America

QN Sunday, July 18, 1742, in Philadelphia, Pastor Johann Christoph Pyrlaeus was scheduled to preach in a rented meetinghouse on Mulberry Street shared by German Lutheran and Reformed inhabitants of the city. Pyrlaeus was a Lutheran from Vogtland-Sachsen, a territory in Germany, who had recently joined the Moravians and received spiritual and practical training in their community of Herrnhaag, just north of Frankfurt am Main. In late 1741 he was one of the first Moravians sent to their new settlement in Bethlehem,

Hopeful Journeys: German Immigration, Settlement, and Political Culture in Colonial America, 1717-1775.

List of Tables and Graphs List of Maps Acknowledgments Introduction: An Immigrant Society Ch. 1. A Changing World and the Lure from Abroad -Recovery and Reconstruction -Demographic Pressure, Scarcity, and Emigration -Destinations Ch. 2. Peasant Communities and Peasant Migrations -The Case of the Northern Kraichgau -Aristocratic Resurgence and Peasant Resistance -Village Boundaries and Overcrowding -Family and Village Migrations Ch. 3. Community, Settlement, and Mobility in Greater Pennsylvania -Community -Ethnic Settlements -The Role of the Church -Stable Ethnics Ch. 4. The Radical Pietist Alternative -Radical Pietist Migrations -The Case of the Moravians -Migration and the Moravian Community Ch. 5. Germans in the Streets: The Development of German Political Culture in Pennsylvania -Germans and Pennsylvania Politics -Thomas Penn and the Germans -German Political Interests -Penns New Policy and the German Response Ch. 6. The Structuring of a Multiethnic Society Appendices 1. Methods and Sources Used for Demographic Calculations in the Thirteen Colonies 2. Volume and Timing of Legal Emigrations from Southwest Germany, 1687-1804 3. Statistics for the Fifty-three Parishes Making Up the Northern Kraichgau Cohort of Emigrants to Pennsylvania, 1717-1775 4. European Origins of German-Speaking, Radical Pietist Immigrants in Colonial America 5. German-Speaking Immigrants Eligible for Naturalization Notes Bibliography Index of Immigrants and Villagers General Index

List of Maps

5.0 COUNTY OF DUFFERIN ........................................................................................ 5-1 5.1 Township of Amaranth ............................................................................................ 5-1 5.1.1 Waldemar Water Supply ............................................................................ 5-1 5.1.2 Vulnerability Analysis ................................................................................. 5-3 5.1.3 Drinking Water Threats Assessment ....................................................... 5-21 5.1.4 Conditions Evaluation .............................................................................. 5-23 5.1.5 Drinking Water Quality Issues Evaluation ................................................ 5-24 5.1.6 Enumeration of Significant Drinking Water Quality Threats ...................... 5-26 5.2 Town of Grand Valley ............................................................................................ 5-30 5.2.1 Grand Valley Well Supply ........................................................................ 5-30 5.2.2 Vulnerability Analysis ............................................................................... 5-32 5.2.3 Drinking Water Threats Assessment ....................................................... 5-53 5.2.4 Conditions Evaluation .............................................................................. 5-55 5.2.5 Drinking Water Quality Issues Evaluation ................................................ 5-56 5.2.6 Enumeration of Significant Drinking Water Threats ................................. 5-58 5.3 Township of East Garafraxa .................................................................................. 5-62 5.3.1 Marsville Well Supply .............................................................................. 5-62 5.3.2 Vulnerability Analysis ............................................................................... 5-63 5.3.3 Drinking Water Threats Assessment ....................................................... 5-84 5.3.4 Conditions Evaluation .............................................................................. 5-86 5.3.5 Drinking Water Quality Issues Evaluation ................................................ 5-87 5.3.6 Enumeration of Significant Drinking Water Threats ................................. 5-89 5.4 Town of Shelburne ................................................................................................ 5-92 5.4.1 Shelburne Water Supply .......................................................................... 5-92 5.4.2 Vulnerability Analysis ............................................................................... 5-93 5.4.3 Drinking Water Threats Assessment ......................................................5-109 5.4.4 Conditions Evaluation .............................................................................5-111 5.4.5 Drinking Water Quality Issues Evaluation ...............................................5-112 5.4.6 Enumeration of Significant Drinking Water Quality Threats .....................5-113 5.5 Town of Orangeville ............................................................................................ 5-114 5.5.1 Orangeville Water Supply .......................................................................5-114 5.5.2 Drinking Water Quality Threats Assessment...........................................5-115 5.5.3 Drinking Water Quality Issues Evaluation ...............................................5-117 5.5.4 Enumeration of Significant Drinking Water Quality Threats .....................5-121