Aaron W. Sanders

Morphology and Stability of CO2-in-Water Foams with Nonionic Hydrocarbon Surfactants

The morphologies, stabilities, and viscosities of high-pressure carbon dioxide-in-water (C/W) foams (emulsions) formed with branched nonionic hydrocarbon surfactants were investigated by in situ optical microscopy and capillary rheology. Over two dozen hydrocarbon surfactants were shown to stabilize C/W foams with Sauter mean bubble diameters as low as 1 to 2 microm. Coalescence of the C/W foam bubbles was rare for bubbles larger than about 0.5 microm over a 60 h time frame, and Ostwald ripening became very slow. By better blocking of the CO(2) and water phases with branched and double-tailed surfactants, the interfacial tension decreases, the surface pressure increases, and the C/W foams become very stable. For branched surfactants with propylene oxide middle groups, the stabilities were markedly lower for air/water foams and decane-water emulsions. The greater stability of the C/W foams to coalescence may be attributed to a smaller capillary pressure, lower drainage rates, and a sufficient surface pressure and thus limiting surface elasticity, plus small film sizes, to hinder spatial and surface density fluctuations that lead to coalescence. Unexpectedly, the foams were stable even when the surfactant favored the CO(2) phase over the water phase, in violation of Bancrofts rule. This unusual behavior is influenced by the low drainage rate, which makes Marangoni stabilization of less consequence and the strong tendency of emerging holes in the lamella to close as a result of surfactant tail flocculation in CO(2). The high distribution coefficient toward CO(2) versus water is of significant practical interest for mobility control in CO(2) sequestration and enhanced oil recovery by foam formation.

Effect of branching on the interfacial properties of nonionic hydrocarbon surfactants at the air–water and carbon dioxide–water interfaces

The interfacial tensions, surface pressures, and adsorption of nonionic hydrocarbon surfactants at the air-water (A-W) and carbon dioxide-water (C-W) interfaces were investigated systematically as a function of the ethylene oxide (EO) unit length and tail structure. Major differences in the properties are explained in terms of the driving force for surfactant adsorption, tail solvation, area per surfactant molecule, and surfactant packing. As the surfactant architecture is varied, the changes in tail-tail interactions, steric effects, areas occupied by the surfactant at the interface, and tail hydrophobicity are shown to strongly influence the interfacial properties, including the surfactant efficiency (the concentration to produce 20 mN/m interfacial tension reduction). For linear surfactants at the A-W interface, high efficiencies result from dense monolayers produced by the high interfacial tension driving force for adsorption and strong tail-tail interactions. At the C-W interface, where a low interfacial tension leads to a much lower surfactant adsorption, the contact between the phases is much greater. Branching or increasing the number of tail chains increase the hydrophobicity, tail solvation, and adsorption of the surfactant. Furthermore, the area occupied by the surfactant increases with branching, number of tails, and number of EO monomers in the head group, to reduce contact of the phases. These factors produce greater efficiencies for branched and double tail surfactants at the C-W interface, as well as surfactants with longer EO head groups.