Abbas Ali Akhil

DOE/EPRI Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA

The Electricity Storage Handbook (Handbook) is a how-to guide for utility and rural cooperative engineers, planners, and decision makers to plan and implement energy storage projects. The Handbook also serves as an information resource for investors and venture capitalists, providing the latest developments in technologies and tools to guide their evaluations of energy storage opportunities. It includes a comprehensive database of the cost of current storage systems in a wide variety of electric utility and customer services, along with interconnection schematics. A list of significant past and present energy storage projects is provided for a practical perspective. This Handbook, jointly sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy and the Electric Power Research Institute in collaboration with the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association, is published in electronic form at www.sandia.gov/ess. This Handbook is best viewed online. iii Rev. 1, February 2015 DOE/EPRI Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA Revision Log Comments, inquiries, corrections, and suggestions can be submitted via the website www.sandia.gov/ess/, beginning August 1, 2013.

Solar energy grid integration systems : final report of the Florida Solar Energy Center Team.

Initiated in 2008, the Solar Energy Grid Integration Systems (SEGIS) program is a partnership involving the U.S. DOE, Sandia National Laboratories, private sector companies, electric utilities, and universities. Projects supported under the program have focused on the complete-system development of solar technologies, with the dual goal of expanding utility-scale penetration and addressing new challenges of connecting large-scale solar installations in higher penetrations to the electric grid. The Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC), its partners, and Sandia National Laboratories have successfully collaborated to complete the work under the third and final stage of the SEGIS initiative. The SEGIS program was a three-year, three-stage project that include conceptual design and market analysis in Stage 1, prototype development and testing in Stage 2, and moving toward commercialization in Stage 3. Under this program, the FSEC SEGIS team developed a comprehensive vision that has guided technology development that sets one methodology for merging photovoltaic (PV) and smart-grid technologies. The FSEC teams objective in the SEGIS project is to remove barriers to large-scale general integration of PV and to enhance the value proposition of photovoltaic energy by enabling PV to act as much as possible as if it were at the very least equivalent to a conventional utility power plant. It was immediately apparent that the advanced power electronics of these advanced inverters will go far beyond conventional power plants, making high penetrations of PV not just acceptable, but desirable. This report summarizes a three-year effort to develop, validate and commercialize Grid-Smart Inverters for wider photovoltaic utilization, particularly in the utility sector.

Electrical analysis of Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cells for electrical power generation on-board commercial airplanes

Fuel cells have been considered for all types of trasnport including automobiles, buses, submarines, motorcycles and airplanes due to their high efficiency and their environmentally friendly nature. In most transportation applications, fuel cells are used to augment the existing electrical system and not as a stand-alone power source. The addition of a fuel cell to any type of transport, however, will have an influence on the dynamic behavior of the electrical system within the transport and may even cause instability in a previously stable system. This paper analyzes the consequences of integrating a Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cell to the existing electrical generation and distribution system of a Boeing 787-8 aircraft through modeling and simulation tools. Physical testing, although beneficial and critical, is expensive and time consuming. The modeling approach in the initial scoping stage provides an early indicator of the feasibility of fuel cell use on an airplane in addition to possible challenges that should be addressed with hardware testing. Simulation results are presented using MATLAB, Simulink, and SimPowerSystems environments.

Solar Energy Grid Integration Systems (SEGIS) proactive intelligent advances for photovotaic systems

This paper provides an overview of the activities of and progress made in the US DOE Solar Energy Grid Integration Systems (SEGIS) program. The work has now progressed from the “Conceptual Designs and Market Analysis” Stage 1 through the “Prototype Development” Stage 2. Twelve contractors completed the Stage 1 conceptual designs and market analysis. Best value competition resulted follow on work with control methodologies and hardware prototypes developed and completed by five contractors. The prototypes span system sizes from micro-inverters (200W) to commercial sizes through 100kW. Modularity of the designs enables larger applications. This SEGIS R&D is opening pathways for connecting PV systems to emerging intelligent utility grids and micro-grids. In addition to new grid-interconnection capabilities and “value added” features, the new hardware designs result in smaller, less material-intensive, and higher reliability products. The solutions and “value added” enabled by SEGIS systems will help drive the “advanced integrated system” concepts and “smart grid” evolutionary processes forward in a faster and more focused manner.[1,2,3]

Trends and status of battery energy storage for utility applications

Since the early 1970s, there has been a steady effort to introduce batteries to the electric utility industry for large scale energy storage in a load leveling mode. Utilities, on the other hand, have been relatively indifferent to this technology for a number of technical and institutional reasons that primarily involve the economic viability of this technology in the load leveling mode. However, from the late 1980s and early 1990, the concept of using batteries primarily for load leveling has undergone a radical change as a result of analytical studies as well as changes in hardware design practice. Now, batteries are being promoted for a wider range of high value applications that go beyond load leveling, and potentially affect the transmission and distribution as well as customer-side operations of the electric utility. As a result, utilities are showing a renewed interest in battery energy storage and several utilities are evaluating battery energy storage projects. This paper discusses the significant trends that are driving the renewed utility interest in this technology and reviews the status of ongoing utility projects.<<ETX>>

Battery Energy Storage System

This chapter discusses the various technical components of battery energy storage systems for utility-scale energy storage and how these technical components are interrelated. The introduction lists the basic types of large-scale storage and how storage can be used to mitigate the variability associated with renewable generation. It also provides an overview of how to define storage applications as primarily “power” or “energy” based. A basic description of how battery energy storage works is provided with several examples to illustrate how battery energy storage can be used in large-scale applications. A brief discussion of the various battery chemistries that are suited to large-scale applications is provided, as well as guidance on what factors to look for when trying to select an appropriate chemistry for a given application. An overview of how the storage system’s power electronics work is followed by a more detailed description of possible power electronic topologies and power electronic controls that are used to ensure that the system can be properly integrated with the generation source and, if necessary, the load. Battery management and battery monitoring via the power electronic controls is discussed briefly. This chapter concludes with a detailed example of battery energy storage system integration that is summarized with data obtained in the field.

Market feasibility study of utility battery applications: penetration of battery energy storage into regulated electric utilities

Although studies indicate there could be significant opportunities for battery systems in electric utility applications, markets for this and other dispersed energy storage technologies have been slow to develop. Prior analyses had suggested that the slow market development has resulted from reluctance to make the necessary investments on the part of both suppliers and customers. In order to confirm this and other concerns over the utility energy storage market, an assessment has been performed to estimate the potential penetration of batteries into regulated electric utilities. The estimates thus obtained confirm that the possible market for batteries on the utility side of the meter, approximately

Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Systems for Airplane Auxiliary Power.

280 million annually in 2010, is indeed smaller than indicated by the assessment of potential opportunities had suggested it might be. On the other hand, the estimates for possible market penetration on the customer side of the meter are greater than on the utility-side, particularly in the nearer-term. Of more importance than the numeric results, however, are the comments given by potential customers of utility battery energy storage, and the conclusions regarding ways to increase the attractiveness of utility battery energy storage that result from analyses of these comments.

Advanced Energy Industries, Inc. SEGIS developments.

Deployed on a commercial airplane, proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells may offer emissions reductions, thermal efficiency gains, and enable locating the power near the point of use. This work seeks to understand whether on-board fuel cell systems are technically feasible, and, if so, if they could offer a performance advantage for the airplane when using today’s off-the-shelf technology. Through hardware analysis and thermodynamic simulation, we found that an additional fuel cell system on a commercial airplane is technically feasible using current technology. Recovery and on-board use of the heat and water that is generated by the fuel cell is an important method to increase the benefit of such a system. Although the PEM fuel cell generates power more efficiently than the gas turbine generators currently used, when considering the effect of the fuel cell system on the airplane’s overall performance we found that an overall performance penalty (i.e., the airplane will burn more jet fuel) would result if using current technology for the fuel cell and hydrogen storage. Although applied to a Boeing 787-type airplane, the method presented is applicable to other airframes as well.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells for electrical power generation on-board commercial airplanes

The Solar Energy Grid Integration Systems (SEGIS) initiative is a three-year, three-stage project that includes conceptual design and market analysis (Stage 1), prototype development/testing (Stage 2), and commercialization (Stage 3). Projects focus on system development of solar technologies, expansion of intelligent renewable energy applications, and connecting large-scale photovoltaic (PV) installations into the electric grid. As documented in this report, Advanced Energy Industries, Inc. (AE), its partners, and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) successfully collaborated to complete the final stage of the SEGIS initiative, which has guided new technology development and development of methodologies for unification of PV and smart-grid technologies. The combined team met all deliverables throughout the three-year program and commercialized a broad set of the developed technologies.