Abdellatif Maslouhi

Predicting of salt water intrusion in the Sebou river estuary (Morocco)

Salt water intrusion in estuary is an urgent environmental challenge across the world, because salinity influences water quality. The Sebou river estuary is an area with high agricultural potential becoming one of the most important industrial zones in Morocco. However, salt water intrusion along the estuary is a natural phenomenon that affects the economic development of the whole region. Analytical models of salinity distribution are simple and efficient tools to study salt intrusion in alluvial estuaries since they require minimum data for their application. In this paper, an analytical model based on Savenije theory is used to assess salinity variation in the Sebou river estuary. A two optimization key parameters of the model (Van Der Burghs and dispersion coefficients) are estimated by comparing computed and observed salinity distribution for high water slack and low water slack. Additionally, statistical performance evaluation and sensitivity analysis were conducted on the model results. The results show good agreement with salinity observations, which suggests that the predictive model can be used to obtain a first-order estimation of salt intrusion along the Sebou estuary axis.

Elaboration of management tool of a reservoir dam on the Sebou river (Morocco) using an implicit hydraulic model

In this paper, we develop and test a hydraulic model which can contribute to the management of a reservoir dam on Sebou river and which is situated in the Gharb agricultural zone. The Sebou model is one-dimensional and it uses an implicit finite difference scheme and a friction-factor relation that quantify the role of bed configuration. Flow is influenced not only by the presence of the Lalla Aïchaa reservoir in the downstream end but also by numerous pumping stations used for agriculture along the river. However, the pumped water quantity is not available. Thus, particular attention was assigned to evaluate this variable due to its quantitative importance. The results of the calibration and validation of the model for a dry season in 1997 year are very satisfactory. The model gives values of the water stage at the pumping stations and allows following the evolution of the water reserve available in the dams reservoir. Despite the lack of data, we had successfully used in this study available measurements and tools like aerial photographs to reach our goal. The model elaborated can represent an efficient management tool and can help in decision making especially in the developing countries like Morocco where hydraulic data are very scarce.

Two-dimensional modeling of the vertical circulation of salt intrusion in the Sebou estuary under different hydrological conditions

Abstract Salt intrusion is an important physical phenomenon in an estuary, and can constitute a serious problem. It has become a serious environmental problem in the Sebou estuary (Morocco) during wet–dry seasons, which has a considerable impact on residential water supply, agricultural water supply as well as urban industrial production. The goal of this paper is to study the vertical salinity stratification under different ydrological conditions in the Sebou estuary. A two-dimensional (2-D) finite-difference solution to the laterally averaged equations of fluid motion model was used for the simulation of the vertical stratification and associated water quality, with observed field data being used for model calibration and validation. Additionally, the model validation process showed that the model results fit the observed data fairly well. Model results show that the vertical salinity at the bottom and surface during spring tide is higher than that during neap tide. Also, the stratification increases a larger during the low-flow periods than during the high-flow periods in Sebou estuary. The responses of salt intrusion length to changes in important dimensional parameters are presented, showing that the salinity intrusion length is inversely correlated with the river discharge (i.e. a high river discharge results in a reduced salt intrusion and vice versa). On the other hand, several stratification indicators were calculated from the observed density or salinity: the stratification coefficient, the Brunt–Väisälä frequency and the potential energy anomaly. These indicators, showed almost identical behavior with differences only of the order of magnitude of the respective values. In addition, the classification of estuarine parameter space for Sebou estuary is illustrated and included in the recent classification. Finally, this model can predict environmental impact of future sustainable undertakings in the Sebou estuary, including recreational, agricultural, and commercial activities. Also, this study provides useful information on the vertical salinity for water resources managers in understanding amount of minimum freshwater discharge needed to maintain an acceptable salinity levels during high tide.

The influence of spring and neap tide on salt intrusion and stratification in Sebou estuary (Morocco)

ABSTRACT Estuaries, which are coastal bodies of water connecting the riverine and marine environment, are among the most important ecosystems in the world. Saltwater intrusion is the movement of coastal saline water into an estuary, which makes up estuary water, becomes salty due to the mixing of freshwater with saltwater. It has become a serious environmental problem in the Sebou estuary (Morocco) during wet and dry seasons, which has a considerable impact on residential water supply, agricultural water supply as well as urban industrial production. The aim of this paper is to study longitudinal salinity and the vertical salinity stratification under different hydraulic conditions in the Sebou estuary. Field observations were done during May 2014 and February 2016 and were interpolated using a Geographic Information System (GIS). Measurements results show that the vertically averaged salinity during spring tide is higher than that during neap tide. Also, the stratification increases a larger during the low-flow periods than during the high-flow periods in the Sebou estuary. Based on results of the longitudinal and vertical salinity observations and historical data, empirical equations were obtained for estimation of the intrusion length as a function (1) of upstream freshwater discharge and (2) tidal range in the Sebou estuary. Additionally, a correlation equation between the surface salinity and the vertical average salinity in estuary (at Kenitra station) was proposed. Finally, this paper provides simple equations that are useful to provide first estimates of intrusion length and vertical average salinity in the Sebou estuary, which can be obtained by a simple desk study without the use of every measurements day.

Modeling of Transient Two Dimensional Flow in Saturated-Unsaturated Porous Media

This study examines the relationship between climate change and undernourishment and its negative impact on child health. The focus of this study is Palghar District (which was formed on August 1, 2014, in State of Maharashtra, India). This paper examines the efficacy of the role of healthy government initiatives and their awareness among people in overcoming the adverse effects of climate-change. The study is based on interviews with the District Collector, various government officials and anthropologists working in the area, as well as secondary data collected from the Palghar District Collectorate. As the data made available by the government were limited, the study is unable to supply extensive information about such aspects as the beneficiaries of various welfare schemes, project costs and cost analysis. Palghar district has reported 64 per 1000 child deaths and 44 per 1000 infant deaths between April and October, 2016. The researcher tried to find links between various potential variables and child mortality in this administrative region. The researcher hopes that by giving voice to a localised issue and discussing possible solutions for curbing the problem of child mortality due to undernourishment, it may be possible to find a long-term and comprehensive model for a solution for the same problem around the world.In modern conditions of globalization, the quality of static data of foreign economic relations of the country plays an important role in decision-making about the foreign economic sphere of the country. This is without their quality leading to wrong static analysis of the indicators of foreign economic relations and methods of evaluation. As a result, it is impossible for correct decision not to be made by the government. Also, there are questions about what are the important priorities in the development of foreign economic relations of the country. According to the analysis of static indicators of foreign economic relations of Syria before and during the crisis, we noted that there was a deterioration of all indicators of foreign economic relations due to armed conflict. This includes the increase in the external debt 2.75 times in 2014 compared with the period before the crisis, the decline in exports and imports, and the improvement of egovernment. In addition, work without high-quality cannot control foreign trade transactions.Liability of the custodian or custodian body for the damage caused by the persons totally divested from the ability to act due to mental disability is a kind of liability for the damage caused by the actions of the other person. In this case, his/her custodian or custodian body that is liable for his/her supervision shall be liable even for the damage caused by the person with mental disabilities. Obligation for supervision and care of the custodian or custodian body for the person with mental disabilities shall be the reason based on which they should respond in cases when the person with mental disabilities causes a damage to the third person. In order this kind of liability to come into consideration, in advance, there should be met some conditions as follows: 1. The damage is caused, 2. The damage is caused by the person that is incapable to judge and by the person who is under custody, 3. The damage has been caused since the custodian has not exercised adequately the supervision function as required according to the Law, decision of a body or any contract. These conditions should be fulfilled together in order that this kind of liability to come into consideration. Theoretical treatments regarding these kinds of liabilities, not in all cases, have brought the due clearance. In theoretical treatments of various authors that have treated this kind of liability there are presented dilemma which require a different analysis and approach in order that there to be identified some cases that have been left untreated until nowadays. Those authors, in their theoretical treatments, have ascertained that the custodian or custodian body shall be released from the liability for the damage caused by the person with mental disabilities or with mental slowdown development or any other circumstance according to which they could not judge his/her actions, if they can prove their innocence whether they have exercised adequately the supervision towards the person with mental disabilities or with mental slowdown development but the same authors have not given further explanations that who will be liable in such cases if the person with mental disabilities does not have economic conditions to make the compensation of the damage. This issue is regulated with legal framework of some countries treated in this paper. We have done this comparative analysis between the legal framework of these countries with the purpose of identifying the similarities and differences between them in regulating this liability. Even that there are some differences in legal determinations, we should say that Kosovo, Croatia, Serbia, Albania, France, Italy, Germany and Spain have approximately similar regulation regarding this liability since all these countries cover this kind of liability with their legal framework.This study is an effort to characterize the legal and social aspects of the polish regulations relating to the employment of people with disabilities in sheltered conditions. In Poland, the role of activation of the disabled in the protected labor market performs three types of operations: sheltered workshops, factories professional activity, and social co-operation. Authors discuss the formal requirements to obtain the status, specific rights, and the obligations of employers who are employing the establishment of protected or reinsured activity. The research included in the study was supplemented by an analysis of available statistical data based on the number of operators protected labor market and the number of disabled people employed in these workplaces.Starting from 1st May, 2004 countries of European Fifteen have gradually opened their labour markets for the new EU members, including the Poles. The first to take this step was Great Britain, Ireland and Sweden, the last - Germany and Austria. For the new EU citizens, emerging opportunities were connected with benefits and wide possibilities, but also with limitations and adaptation difficulties. They had to deal with the language barrier as much as the different culture, accepted behaviours, traditions, work culture and model of spending leisure time. Mentality of migrants – whether they were able or not to immerse into the “new” – had impact on finding themselves in another environment. Most of those, who left Poland did not plan to settle, they were leaving “for some time”, temporarily. Mentally, they were still connected with previous place of residence, more interested in environment left behind than new one. Such behaviour was not conducive to adaptation; on the contrary, it made adaptation harder. Migrants through listening to Polish radio, watching Polish television stations, using the Polish Internet portals and reading national press, separated themselves from the new environment. All of these was due to the assumption that engaging in new place has no point since their stay is only temporary. Their attitude to the kind of work and workplace was similar. Majority of migrants from the EU-8 countries was taking up secondary employment, regardless of educational background. Wages comparable with Polish were supposed to compensate depreciation on the labour market. A wide spectrum of adaptation problems of Polish migrants is an issue raised in reports prepared by specialized research institutions, the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Polish Community organisations.The system of support for women within the framework of the social policy of the Second Polish Republic included: the adequate regulations of work legislation, the rules of social insurance, the activities towards the maternity protection of the insured and, finally, social services directly or indirectly provided to women by the central as well as local governments. These activities were extensive and, in many cases, very modern. What is more, they were directed towards solving the most important social problems of women. However, rather than common, the scope of those activities was very limited and selective. Moreover, the implementation of those activities was not always in accordance with the plans and expectations of their authors. From the point of view of the existing social needs, the most advanced solutions were those which resulted from a privileged position of women in the work legislation and the system of health insurance. The problem of the insignificant influence always had its roots in the socio-professional structure of the country. Only women in employment or covered by the insurance could receive the benefits. For the rest the offer was no longer that beneficial.In a society genetically endowed with great cognitive potential, the paradigmatic failure of the post-communist education system divide young people into three categories: young elitists who join foreign universities and companies, well-prepared young people eager to study in their country and young NEETs. The increasing percentage of the latter ones is confirmed by the national results obtained in the PISA tests and high school dropout rates. No community in this world can be strong when the investment in education lacks. Non-aligned job policies to educational ones will give birth to worrying imbalances, highlighting the phenomenon of migration. Demographic decline and the lack of strategies to stimulate birth rate will increase the impossibility to ensure generational change within the active population and all these will lead to a block of the pension system. Romania, in the next 20 years will follow the model of the European countries, which face labor importation and the migration of non-European capital. Are there any solutions to counterbalance these trends? This is the question which, the whole rethink of theoretical-methodological analysis of some policies meant to give value to the huge Romanian qualitative human force, deprecated within the large globalization, is based on.The essay deals with the difficult relationship between fiscal responsibility and representation: it seems that the traditional rule “no taxation without representation” is less and less true, as the responsibility of the representatives, be they those of the national parliament or of the representative bodies of local institutions, is no longer a real guarantee. The case of the Italian system is significant: local taxes have been interpreted in a very singular way by the constitutional case law, as the representatives’ responsibility connected with local government levies is limited to the determining only of certain aspects of the fiscal phenomenon. One first goal is therefore to analyse the atypical fiscal and financial responsibility of local administrators. But a specific phenomenon of the Italian Regions with a special level of autonomy deserves attention. These special Regions have negotiated with the central government a specific regime: since the constitutional implementation process of 2009, they dispose of undeniably high percentages of their territories’ tax revenue. The profiles of derived finance have been eliminated and it has been decided to return to the self-financing model, understood as the prevailing allocation in a fixed share of tax revenues produced within the territory. The case of the special regional revenues of Trentino-Alto Adige is a peculiar one and it is specifically studied in this essay. This work discusses the question of representation regarding tax revenues in a different way, based on a particular type of relation between the wealthproducing context and the institutions.Today, internet plays an indisputable role as a means of communication, information flow, and as a point of meeting the needs of a growing number of people. The authors noted more and more important role that mass communication plays in social media. This article presents various definitions of the phenomenon and the proposed typology, and threats which entails using either incompetent social media today. This article is intended to facilitate the communication process for researchers, sociologists, media experts, and people interested in the study of the phenomenon of online communication.A change depending on the time of the flood wave moving in a stream using flood routing approach is examined. Flood routing of flood discharge along the river with their account and calculating the changes in the water level of flood protection structure size is determined to safety. The aim of this study, Sutculer flood event will be modeled by Genetic Expression Programing (GEP) method. The GEP method makes use of few hydrologic parameters such as inflow, outflow, and time. Simulation results indicate that the proposed a predictive model is an appropriate for the flood routing. Case study is presented to demonstrate that the GEP model is an alternative in implementation of the Muskingum model.