Abdifatah Ahmed Haji

Intellectual capital disclosure trends: some Malaysian evidence

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the trend of intellectual capital disclosures (ICD) over a three‐year period (2008‐2010), when the Malaysian business environment was characterized by a number of major events such as the recent 2008/2009 global financial crisis and corporate governance restructuring.Design/methodology/approach – A checklist was constructed to measure the extent and quality of ICD in Malaysian corporate annual reports. The extent of ICD was measured on a dichotomous basis (0, 1) while the quality of ICD was measured using a four‐point scale (0‐3).Findings – The results showed an increasing trend of the ICD and a significant overall increase by the sample Malaysian companies. The results also revealed that there are significant differences between the categories of the IC disclosures, with external capital related information accounting for the largest portion. However, only human capital disclosures significantly increased over time.Practical implications – The time series...

A longitudinal examination of intellectual capital disclosures and corporate governance attributes in Malaysia

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between intellectual capital disclosure (ICD) and corporate governance attributes following the revised code on corporate governance in Malaysia in 2007. Design/methodology/approach - The sample of the present study was drawn from top companies listed on Bursa Malaysia based on their market capitalization for the years 2008, 2009 and 2010. A self-constructed disclosure index was used to assess the extent and quality of ICDs. The panel data regression analysis was employed to examine the relationship between ICDs and corporate governance. Findings - The results revealed that all corporate governance attributes namely board size, independent directors, board effectiveness and position of the chairman (except family members on the board) were significant in explaining the extent and quality of ICDs in the expected direction. Director ownership was found to be consistent in negatively relating to both the extent and quality of ICDs. Government ownership was marginally significant in determining the extent of ICDs. Practical implications - The findings suggest that the revised corporate governance code has a positive impact on ICD at least in the case of large Malaysian listed companies. This implies that regulatory efforts in enhancing corporate governance in Malaysia is starting to prove fruitful in encouraging companies to be involved in more IC investment and hence disclosure. Originality/value - This paper is one of the few studies which investigate the influence of corporate governance on ICDs longitudinally in a developing country following revision to the corporate governance code in Malaysia in 2007.

Initial trends in corporate disclosures following the introduction of integrated reporting practice in South Africa

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the implications of IR reforms in South Africa on corporate disclosure practices of South African companies. In particular, the authors explore initial trends in corporate disclosures following the adoption of IR practice. Design/methodology/approach Drawing from Suchman’s (1995) framework of strategic and institutional legitimacy, the authors use content analysis to examine corporate disclosure practices. The authors conduct industry-specific analyses based on various industries to explore corporate disclosures practices across and within various industries in South Africa. The evidence is drawn from 246 integrated reports of large South African companies across six major industries over a three-year period (2011-2013), a period following the introduction of an “apply or explain” IR requirement in South Africa. Findings The results first show a significant increase in the overall amount of corporate disclosures following the adoption of IR practice. In particular, the authors find that intellectual capital and human capital disclosure categories have increased over time, with relational capital disclosures showing a decreasing trend. Second, the authors find that corporate disclosures are increasingly becoming institutionalised over time across and within industries following the adoption of IR practice. However, companies fail to provide meaningful disclosures on the interdependencies and trade-offs between the capitals, or components of a capital following the adoption of IR practice. Overall, the authors find that companies use specific disclosure strategies to respond to external pressures (strategic legitimacy), and that such disclosure strategies are increasingly becoming institutionalised across and within various industries (institutional legitimacy). Practical implications The theoretical implication of this study is that the strategic and institutional perspectives of legitimacy theory are complementary, rather than conflicting, and dovetail to explain corporate reporting practices. In terms of practical implications, the adoption of specific reporting frameworks such as the emerging IR framework is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, such reporting frameworks could potentially enhance comparability and consistency of organisational reports across and within industries. On the other hand, corporate reports could become a set of monotonous reports motivated by considerations other organisational accountability. Hence, to overcome the latter, this study emphasises the importance of specific accountability metrics and reporting guidelines, rather than the current generic IR guidelines, to enhance organisational reporting practices. Originality/value The paper’s longitudinal analysis of a large sample of integrated reports following the adoption of IR practice has the potential to inform growing academic research and ongoing policy initiatives for the emerging IR agenda.

The implications of the revised code of corporate governance on firm performance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of corporate governance and ownership structure attributes on firm performance following the revised code on corporate governance in Malaysia. The study presents a longitudinal assessment of the compliance and implications of the revised code on firm performance. Design/methodology/approach – Two data sets consisting of before (2006) and after (2008-2010) the revised code are examined. Drawing from the largest companies listed on Bursa Malaysia (BM), the first data set contains 92 observations in the year 2006 while the second data set comprises of 282 observations drawn from the largest companies listed on BM over a three-year period, from 2008-2010. Both accounting (return on assets and return on equity) and market performance (Tobin’s Q) measures were used to measure firm performance. Multiple and panel data regression analyses were adopted to analyze the data. Findings – The study shows that there were still cases of non-compliance to the ba...

Factors influencing corporate voluntary disclosures in Malaysia

This study examines factors influencing voluntary disclosures in Malaysian corporate annual reports to see if there has been a change in factors influencing disclosure after the 2007/08 global financial crisis. Multiple regression analyses were run using data from 85 listed companies for the years 2006 and 2009, selected based on systematic stratified random sampling. The quality of disclosure was measured using a self-constructed checklist. A scale of 0–3, depending on how an item is disclosed by the company, was used in awarding scores to companies. Results show that company size to be statistically significant in both years. However, profitability and government ownership which were statistically significant at the 5% and 10% levels respectively in 2006 were no longer significant in 2009. The finding on profitability implies that during times of financial crisis, whether a company is operating profitably or otherwise does not have an impact on voluntary disclosure practices. Additionally, board size was marginally significant at the 10% level in explaining the quality of voluntary disclosure in 2009 while board independence remained insignificant in both years, suggesting that independent directors are not an effective mechanism for enhancing corporate transparency.

The role of intangible assets and liabilities in firm performance: empirical evidence

The purpose of this paper is primarily to explore the extent of intangible assets and liabilities of large Malaysian companies. The authors also examine whether intangible assets and liabilities of a firm have similar or contrasting roles in firm performance.,Using a direct and straightforward measure of intangible assets and liabilities, the authors examine a large pool of data from large Malaysian companies over a six-year period spanning from 2008 to 2013.,The longitudinal analyses show a significant number of the sample companies, between 34 and 59.33 percent, have a consistent pattern of intangible liabilities. The authors also find firms with intangible liabilities have significantly underperformed financially than a control group of firms. In addition, the authors find that intangible liabilities have significant negative impact on firm performance whereas intangible assets have a contrasting positive impact on firm performance.,One limitation of this study is that the authors have only used a single measure of intangible assets and liabilities. Albeit the measures used are straightforward and more objective, there could be other measures to capture intangibles.,The research findings have several theoretical as well as policy implications. Theoretically, the authors extend the resource-based view to the intangible asset-liability mix, affirming the crucial role of intangible resources in financial performance whilst introducing the unfavorable role of intangible liabilities in corporate financial performance. In terms of policy implications, the research findings provide initial empirical input to emerging calls for broader perspectives of intangibles, beyond intangible assets to include intangible liabilities, and therefore belong to an emerging paradigm toward the nature of intangibles.,This study documents a rare empirical account of the contrasting roles of intangible assets and liabilities in corporate financial performance.