Abu Taher Sagor

Supplementation of Citrus maxima Peel Powder Prevented Oxidative Stress, Fibrosis, and Hepatic Damage in Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) Treated Rats.

Citrus maxima peel is rich in natural phenolic compounds and has a long use in the traditional medicine. HPLC-DAD analysis on Citrus maxima peel powder exhibited the presence of various phenolic compounds such as caffeic acid and (−)-epicatechin. To determine the plausible hepatoprotective activity of Citrus maxima peel powder, we used carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) treated rat model. Liver damage in rats was confirmed by measuring the AST, ALT, and ALP enzyme activities. In addition, lipid peroxidation products (MDA), nitric oxide, advanced protein oxidation products level (APOP), and catalase activities were also analyzed along with the histological profiling for the inflammatory cell infiltration, collagen, and iron deposition in liver. Dietary supplementation of Citrus maxima peel powder exhibited significant reduction of serum AST, ALT, and ALP activities in carbon tetrachloride treated rats. Moreover, Citrus maxima peel powder also showed a significant reduction of the oxidative stress markers (MDA, NO, and APOP level) and restored the catalase activity in CCl4 treated rats. Histological examination of the liver section revealed reduced inflammatory cells infiltration, collagen, and iron deposition in CCl4 treated rats. The results from this study demonstrated that Citrus maxima peel powder produced significant hepatoprotective action in CCl4 administered rats.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor prevents oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in carbon tetrachloride-treated rat liver

Abstract Hepatic fibrosis is a common feature of chronic liver injury, and the involvement of angiotensin II in such process has been studied earlier. We hypothesized that anti-angiotensin II agents may be effective in preventing hepatic fibrosis. In this study, Long Evans female rats were used and divided into four groups such as Group-I, Control; Group-II, Control + ramipril; Group-III, CCl4; and Group-IV, CCl4 + ramipril. Group II and IV are treated with ramipril for 14 d. At the end of treatment, the livers were removed, and the level of hepatic marker enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase), nitric oxide, advanced protein oxidation product , catalase activity, and lipid peroxidation were determined. The degree of fibrosis was evaluated through histopathological staining with Sirius red and trichrome milligan staining. Carbon-tetrachloride (CCl4) administration in rats developed hepatic dysfunction and raised the hepatic marker enzymes activities significantly. CCl4 administration in rats also produced oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in liver. Furthermore, angiotensinogen-inhibitor ramipril normalized the hepatic enzymes activities and improved the antioxidant enzyme catalase activity. Moreover, ramipril treatment ameliorated lipid peroxidation and hepatic inflammation in CCl4-treated rats. Ramipril treatment also significantly reduced hepatic fibrosis in CCl4-administered rats. In conclusion, our investigation suggests that the antifibrotic effect of ramipril may be attributed to inhibition of angiotensin-II mediated oxidative stress and inflammation in liver CCl4-administered rats.

Fresh Seed Supplementation of Syzygium Cumini Attenuated OxidativeStress, Inflammation, Fibrosis, Iron Overload, Hepatic Dysfunction andRenal Injury in Acetaminophen Induced Rats

Nowadays, the drug induced organ damage has increased drastically. Similarly, number of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) is on the rise. Unwanted and harmful effects of a drug have been a good reason for early withdrawal of a good molecule from the market or clinical trial. In the present study, we have investigated the preventive role of Syzygium cumini against Acetaminophen induced organ damage. In this study, four different groups of rats were evaluated. Group A serves as a control group, Group B serves as control + Syzygium cumini group, Group C serves as disease group and Group D serves as disease + treatment group. Only two groups have been treated and exposed to an overdose of acetaminophen. However, liver and kidney markers like Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Creatinine and Uric acid (UA) were measured respectively. Moreover, oxidative stress markers such as Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NO) and Advanced Oxidation Protein Product (AOPP) were found higher in acetaminophen overdose rats compared to control rats. Furthermore, antioxidant enzymes like Catalase (CAT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Linear Peptide Glutathione (GSH) were restored significantly by Syzygium cumini seed treatment. Finally, our study revealed that supplementation of 1% Syzygium cumini seed with food attenuated inflammatory cell infiltration, collagen secretion, extracellular matrix deposition and iron overload in both hepatic and kidney. We assume that the protection might be achieved due to having strong antioxidant properties of Syzygium cumini.

Supplementation of Rosemary Leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis) Powder Attenuates Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Fibrosis in Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) Treated Rats

Objective: Rosmarinus officinalis (Family: Lamiaceae) has been used as a food preservative and flavoring agent. This plant also contains antioxidant activity and can be used as a possible therapeutic alternative for various diseases. The purpose of this study was to explore the antifibrotic effect of Rosmarinus officinalis in carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 )-induced liver dysfunction in rats. Methods: Female Long Evans rats (10-12 weeks old) were divided equally into four different groups such as control, control+rosemary, CCl 4 and CCl 4 +rosemary (6 rats in each group). Over the course of the development of liver dysfunction, several oxidative stress parameters, increased liver marker enzymatic functions were determined in CCl 4 treated rats. Moreover, histological assessments were also done in liver section for inflammatory cells infiltration and fibrosis using hematoxylene and eaosin staining and Sirius read staining. Results: CCl 4 administration significantly increased the Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activities in plasma which was decreased by Rosmarinus officinalis leaves powder supplementation. Rosmarinus officinalis prevented the rise of lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide and Advanced Oxidative Protein Product (AOPP) in plasma and liver tissues in CCl 4 treated rats. Histological studies also showed massive necrosis, periportal inflammation, iron deposition and fibrosis in liver of CCl 4 treated rats which were further ameliorated by Rosmarinus officinalis powder supplementation. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study revealed the antifibrotic activity of Rosmarinus officinalis powder on experimental hepatic damage and also suggests a potential therapeutic use of Rosmarinus officinalis as an alternative therapy for hepatic disorders.

Caffeic acid rich Citrus macroptera peel powder supplementation prevented oxidative stress, fibrosis and hepatic damage in CCl 4 treated rats

BackgroundCitrus macroptera has been used as a culinary fruit and medicinal plant in traditional medicine system in Bangladesh. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of phenolic compounds in Citrus macroptera peel powder and the protective effect of Citrus macroptera against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats.MethodsThe hepatoprotective activity was assessed using various biochemical parameters such as liver marker enzymes (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) and oxidative stress parameters. Histopathological changes in the liver of different groups were also studied.ResultsAdministration of CCl4 increased the serum ALT, AST, ALP enzymatic activities and lipid peroxidation products but decreased the cellular antioxidant activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in rats which were brought back to near normal levels by the treatment with Citrus macroptera. Citrus macroptera administration has also shown to decrease the necrotic zones, fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration in CCl4 treated rats. HPLC-DAD analysis of Citrus macroptera extract showed the great presence of caffeic acid and (−) epicatechin.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that Citrus macroptera exerts hepatoprotective activity via promoting the antioxidant defense against CCl4-induced oxidative liver damage.

Pycnogenol: A Miracle Component in Reducing Ageing and Skin Disorders

The world is becoming uninhabitable owing to wide globalization. A large number of industries are contributing in water, soil, air, and environment pollution. Increased use of chemicals and accidental chemical spills are also hampering their surroundings. CFC containing tools and technologies are increasing due to higher demand in the market resulting ozone layers are highly affected which make the UV free towards the earth. Several environmental toxins and UV-radiation are the primary reasons for skin dysfunctions as a result skin loses its tone, strength, flux, density, and glamour that further lead to wrinkles and aging. Chronic UV exposure may also lead to skin cancers. pycnogenol, On the other hand, has been a major source for both flavonols and polyphenols which is very potent against several diseases. Evidences suggest that pycnogenol prevents from multiple skin dysfunctions. Its components are equally potent against skin cancers as well. Moreover, several harmful downstream kinases and proteins are also inhibited by this component. In addition, it has been strongly proven beneficial in reducing ageing by preventing free radical generations, at the same time; it also helps in cell regeneration and replication. Thus, in this study we tried to identify the correlate possible molecular theories on ageing and related skin diseases. Finally, a possible benefit of pycnogenol using on skin disorders would be established.

Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMP), a Major Responsible Downstream Signaling Molecule for Cellular Damage - A Review

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) family members are well known signaling molecules. MMPs are involved in tissue remodeling and are affiliated with several pathological, pharmacological and physiological processes. In addition, these also facilitate other downstream pathways such as cellular inflammation. However, members of this family are being investigated in several diseases as a clinical marker. These proteins are often found responsible in the development of various dysfunctions such as cardiovascular, kidney, liver, and nervous system disorder. Evidences also suggest that MMPs take part in organ rejections during organ transplantations. Besides, MMPs also trigger accumulation of unnecessary immune cells which further exacerbate the situation resulting in a drug therapy failure. Furthermore, many harmful downstream kinases are induced by MMPs signaling. Therefore, it has been an imperative issue to establish a noble and alternative drug therapy against MMPs family for ensuring safety against several lives threatening phenomenon. Thus this review will explain the molecular mechanism of MMP family members and few possible drug therapies modulating MMPs function.