Adam J. Hoffer

Does salary discrimination persist for foreign athletes in the NBA

This study empirically examines Becker’s (1971) wage discrimination theory using foreign-born National Basketball Association (NBA) players. Despite the rapid growth in the NBA, particularly in foreign markets, existing literature suggests that foreign-born players continue to be underpaid relative to players born in the United States. Becker’s theory predicts that, over time, wage discriminators will be priced out of the market and that wages will eventually equilibrate. This study uses the most recent data, from the 2010 to 2011 NBA season, to test if foreign-born discrimination persists. The empirical results from this study reveal that not only have wages for foreign players caught up to the wages of their American counterparts, but foreign-born players received an average wage premium of approximately

Trends in NCAA athletic spending: arms race or rising tide?

900 000.

Income-expenditure elasticities of less-healthy consumption goods

We develop and empirically test a model of intercollegiate athletic department expenditure decisions. The model extends general dynamic models of nonprice competition and includes the idea that nonprofit athletic departments may simply set expenditure equal to revenues. Own and rival prestige are included in the athletic departments’ utility functions, generating rivalrous interaction. The model predicts that current own and rival investment has multi-period effects on prestige since investment is durable. We test the model using data from National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I athletic programs from 2006-2011, and the models incorporate spatial autocorrelation that captures dynamic rivalrous interaction. Results support the predictions of both models—NCAA Division I athletic programs appear to engage in dynamic nonprice competition in terms of expenditure and spend all revenues generated.

The Effects of Revenue Changes on NCAA Athletic Departments' Expenditures

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify how consumption of 12 goods – alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, items sold at vending machines, purchases of food away from home, cookies, cakes, chips, candy, donuts, bacon, and carbonated soft drinks – varies across the income distribution by calculating their income-expenditure elasticites. Design/methodology/approach Data on 22,681 households from 2009-2012 from the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Expenditure Survey were used. The data were analyzed using ordinary least squares regressions and Cragg’s double hurdle model which integrates a binary model to determine the decision to consume and a truncated normal model to estimate the effects for conditional (y>0) consumption. Findings Income had the greatest effect on expenditures for alcohol (0.314), food away from home (0.295), and fast food (0.284). A one percentage-point increase in income (approximately

Excise Tax Setting in a Dynamic Space-Time Framework

428 at the mean) translated into a 0.314 percentage-point increase in spending on alcoholic beverages (approximately

Small-business financing after the financial crisis – lessons from the literature

1 annually at the mean). Income had the smallest influence on tobacco expenditures (0.007) and donut expenditures (−0.009). Research limitations/implications Percentage of a household’s discretionary budget spent on the studied goods falls substantially as income gets larger. Policies targeting the consumption of such goods will disproportionately impact lower income households. Originality/value This is the first manuscript to calculate income-expenditure elasticities for the goods studied. The results allow for a direct analysis of targeted consumption policy on household budgets across the income distribution.

The Political Economy of Cigarette Taxation

This study uses a panel of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I athletic department revenue and expenditure data from 225 public colleges and universities to empirically investigate the behavior of athletic departments over the period 2006-2011. Three empirical relationships were explored: (a) how changes in total revenue affect disaggregated expenditure categories, (b) how disaggregated revenue streams influence total expenditures, and (c) whether changes in revenue categories change the size of the athletic department’s subsidy. The results show that additional athletic revenue increases expenditures for coaches 7.5 times more than direct expenditures for student-athletes, a ratio that increases for schools in power conferences. For every US

Choice Under the Shadow of Conflict: An Experimental Investigation

1 increase in ticket sale revenue, total expenditures can rise by US

A classroom game to teach the principles of money and banking

0.83 and reduce a school’s athletic subsidy by US

Are Voters Rational on the Margin?: A Spatial Analysis of Voter Turnout in U.S. Presidential Elections

0.19.