Adam Nadachowski

Dental Variation in Sibling Species Microtus arvalis and M. rossiaemeridionalis (Arvicolinae, Rodentia): Between-Species Comparisons and Geography of Morphotype Dental Patterns

The data on dental variability in natural populations of sibling species of common voles (“arvalis” group, genus Microtus) from European and Asian parts of the species’ ranges are summarized using a morphotype-based approach to analysis of dentition. Frequency distributions of the first lower (m1) and the third upper (M3) molar morphotypes are analyzed in about 65 samples of M. rossiaemeridionalis and M. arvalis represented by arvalis and obscurus karyotypic forms. Because of extreme similarity of morphotype dental patterns in the taxa studied, it is impossible to use molar morphotype frequencies for species identification. However, a morphotype-based approach to analysis of dental variability does allow analysis of inter-species comparisons from an evolutionary standpoint. Three patterns of dental complexity are established in the taxa studied: simple, basic (the most typical within the ranges of both species), and complex. In M. rossiaemeridionalis and in M. arvalis obscurus only the basic pattern of dentition occurs. In M. arvalis arvalis, both simple and basic dental patterns are found. Analysis of association of morphotype dental patterns with geographical and environmental variables reveals an increase in the number of complex molars with longitude and latitude: in M. arvalis the pattern of molar complication is more strongly related to longitude, and in M. rossiaemeridionalis—to latitude. Significant decrease in incidence of simple molars with climate continentality and increasing aridity is found in M. arvalis. The simple pattern of dentition is found in M. arvalis arvalis in Spain, along the Atlantic coast of France and on islands thereabout, in northeastern Germany and Kirov region in European Russia. Hypotheses to explain the distribution of populations with different dental patterns within the range of M. arvalis sensu stricto are discussed.

The tooth of a Neanderthal child from Stajnia Cave, Poland.

Department of Human Biology, Wrocław University, ul. Ku znicza 35, 50-138 Wrocław, Poland Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom c Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland Division of Palaeozoology, Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Wrocław University, ul. Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland X-ray Microtomogrpahy Lab, Department of Biomedical Computer Systems, Institute of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer and Materials Science, University of Silesia, Będzi nska 39, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland Department of Archaeology, Institute of History and International Relations, Szczecin University, ul. Krakowska 71-79, 71-017 Szczecin, Poland

Karyological and dental identification of Microtus limnophilus in a large focus of alveolar echinococcosis (Gansu, China)

A study of voles (Arvicolidae, Rodentia) from Gansu (China) designed to identify a potential host of Echinococcus multilocularis, responsible for human alveolar echinococcosis, leads to a general analysis of Microtus limnophilus population karyotypes, M1 of M. oeconomus populations from all of Eurasia and of M. limnophilus of Mongolia. The Microtus of Gansu belonging to the nominal subspecies M. limnophilus limnophilus (2n = 38; NF = 58) differs markedly in size and shape of M1 from the M. limnophilus of Mongolia, which must therefore be considered as a new subspecies M. limnophilus of malygini nov. ssp. (2n = 38; NF = 60) and the M. oeconomus of Mongolia should be ranked as M. oeconomus kharanurensis nov. ssp. (2n = 30; NF = 60).

A Neanderthal lower molar from Stajnia Cave, Poland.

The primary aim of this study was to conduct a taxonomic assessment of the second of three isolated human teeth found in the Stajnia Cave (north of the Carpathians, Poland) in 2008. The specimen was located near a human tooth (S5000), which was identified by Urbanowski et al. (2010) as a Neanderthal permanent upper molar. Both of these teeth were excavated from the D2 layer, which belongs to the D stratigraphic complex comprising the archaeological assemblage associated with the Micoquian tradition. An Ursus spelaeus bone and Mammuthus primigenius tooth that were also excavated from the D2 layer were dated to >49,000 years BP (by AMS (14)C) and 52.9 ka BP (by U-Th), respectively. The sediment overlying stratigraphic complex D was dated to 45.9 ka BP by the OSL method. The S4300 tooth is a lower first or second permanent molar belonging to an individual other than that who once possessed the S5000 tooth. The S4300 tooth exhibits a combination of traits typical of Neanderthal lower molars, including a mid-trigonid crest, large anterior fovea, taurodontism and subvertical grooves on the interproximal face, indicating that this tooth belonged to a Neanderthal individual. The S4300 tooth from Stajnia Cave is one of the oldest human remains found in Poland.

Genetic analysis of cave bear specimens from Niedźwiedzia Cave, Sudetes, Poland

The vast majority of fossil remains in Late Pleistocene deposits from Niedźwiedzia Cave in Kletno, Sudetes, Poland, belong to the cave bear. Phylogenetic analyses based on a fragment of the mitochondrial D-loop region extracted from two cave bear samples unambiguously showed their close relationship with the Ursus ingressus haplogroup. This taxonomic affiliation of the cave bear remains from Niedźwiedzia Cave was further confirmed by biometrical analyses of molar teeth and skulls. Our results represent the first record of U. ingressus north of the Carpathian Arch, while radiocarbon dating (> 49,000 yr BP) of the samples indicates that they represent some of the oldest specimens of this cave bear taxon known so far. Multi-method phylogenetic analyses including numerous publicly available cave bear sequences allowed analysing the relationships among these samples in details, including the significance of particular clades, and discussing some aspects of cave bear phylogeography. The sequences of U. ingressus from Poland are most closely related to specimens from the Ural Mountains and next to Slovenia, which may indicate migrations between Central and Eastern European populations. The internal placement of Ural samples among European specimens in phylogenetic trees and the older age of Polish samples than those from Urals suggest that the eastward expansion of U. ingressus may have started from Central Europe. Mateusz Baca (corresponding author). Center for Precolumbian Studies, University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warsaw, Poland. bacamat@gmail.com Anna Stankovic. Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Science, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland. anams@ibb.waw.pl Krzysztof Stefaniak. Department of Palaeozoology, Zoological Institute, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland. stefanik@biol.uni.wroc.pl Adrian Marciszak. Department of Palaeozoology, Zoological Institute, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, Poland. caspian8@wp.pl Michael Hofreiter. Department of Biology (Area 2), The University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom. michi@palaeo.eu Adam Nadachowski. Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Cracow, Poland. nadachowski@isez.pan.krakow.pl Piotr Węgleński. Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Science, Pawińskiego 5a, PE Article Number: 15.2.21A Copyright: Palaeontological Association July 2012 Submission: 8 September 2011. Acceptance: 5 June 2012 Baca, Mateusz, Stankovic, Anna, Stefaniak, Krzysztof, Marciszak, Adrian, Hofreiter, Michael, Nadachowski, Adam, Węgleński, Piotr, and Mackiewicz, Paweł. 2012. Genetic analysis of cave bear specimens from Niedźwiedzia Cave, Sudetes, Poland. Palaeontologia Electronica Vol. 15, Issue 2;21A,16p; palaeo-electronica.org/content/2012-issue-2-articles/263-cave-bears-from-poland BACA ET AL.: CAVE BEARS FROM POLAND 02-106 Warsaw, Poland. wegle@adm.uw.edu.pl Paweł Mackiewicz (corresponding author). Department of Genomics, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wrocław, Poland. pamac@smorfland.uni.wroc.pl

Microtus (Terricola) grafi nov. sp. du Pléistocène supérieur de la Grotte de Bacho Kiro (Bulgarie)

Resume Les campagnols souterrains ( Terricola ) du remplissage du Pleistocene superieur de Bacho Kiro (Bulgarie) presentent des caracteristiques morphologiques originales qui semblent constituer une etape intermediaire fossile entre M. (T.) multiplex et la forme derivee M. (T.) subterraneus . Cette forme est decrite sous le nom de M. (T.) grafi nov. sp.

The taxonomic status of Schelkovnikov's Pine Vole Microtus schelkovnikovi (Rodentia, Mammalia)

A comparison of morphological and karyological traits as well as an analysis of ecological preferences and the distribution pattern support the opinion that Microtus schelkovnikovi does not belong to subgenus Terricola and is the sole member of its own taxonomic species group. Hyrcanicola subgen. nov. comprises a single species Microtus (Hyrcanicola) schelkovnikovi, an endemic and relict form, inhabiting the Hyrcanian broad-leaved forest zone of Azerbaijan and Iran.

The species concept and quaternary mammals

Abstract Quaternary palaeontologists must abandon the concept of fossil species (=chronospecies) and as far as possible adapt the concepts used at present by the neontologists to fossil materials. It is proposed to use an approach that consists of reversing the sequence of research procedures. This can be done by: (1) studying relevant recent populations in the entire present range of the species, (2) focussing attention on a full utilization of information concerning the variability of morphological traits used for palaeontological purposes in the recent species, (3) the taxonomic position of which should be defined on the basis of biochemical, genetic and ecological data and not exclusively on morphological discontinuities and finally (4) having acquired this knowledge to classify the fossil mammal samples.

Human-mediated dispersal of cats in the Neolithic Central Europe

Archeological and genetic evidence suggest that all domestic cats derived from the Near Eastern wildcat (Felis silvestris lybica) and were first domesticated in the Near East around 10,000 years ago. The spread of the domesticated form in Europe occurred much later, primarily mediated by Greek and Phoenician traders and afterward by Romans who introduced cats to Western and Central Europe around 2000 years ago. We investigated mtDNA of Holocene Felis remains and provide evidence of an unexpectedly early presence of cats bearing the Near Eastern wildcat mtDNA haplotypes in Central Europe, being ahead of Roman period by over 2000 years. The appearance of the Near Eastern wildcats in Central Europe coincides with the peak of Neolithic settlement density, moreover most of those cats belonged to the same mtDNA lineages as those domesticated in the Near East. Thus, although we cannot fully exclude that the Near Eastern wildcats appeared in Central Europe as a result of introgression with European wildcat, our findings support the hypothesis that the Near Eastern wildcats spread across Europe together with the first farmers, perhaps as commensal animals. We also found that cats dated to the Neolithic period belonged to different mtDNA lineages than those brought to Central Europe in Roman times, this supports the hypothesis that the gene pool of contemporary European domestic cats might have been established from two different source populations that contributed in different periods.

Impact of climatic changes in the Late Pleistocene on migrations and extinction of mammals in Europe: four case studies

Climate changes that occurred during the Late Pleistocene have profound effects on the distribution of many plant and animal species and influenced the formation of contemporary faunas and floras of Europe. The course and mechanisms of responses of species to the past climate changes are now being intensively studied by the use of direct radiocarbon dating and genetic analyses of fossil remains. Here, we review the advances in understanding these processes by the example of four mammal species: woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), cave bear (Ursus spelaeus s. l.), saiga antelope (Saiga tatarica) and collared lemmings (Dicrostonyx ssp.). The cases discussed here as well as others show that the migrations, range shifts and local extinctions were the main responses to climate changes and that the dynamics of these climate driven processes were much more profound than it was previously thought. Each species reacted by its individual manner, which depended on its biology and adaptation abilities to the changing environment and climate conditions. The most severe changes in European ecosystems that affected the largest number of species took place around 33–31 ka BP, during the Last Glacial Maximum 22–19 ka BP and the Late Glacial warming 15–13 ka BP.