Adhir Shroff

Treadmill exercise and resistance training in patients with peripheral arterial disease with and without intermittent claudication: A randomized controlled trial

CONTEXT Neither supervised treadmill exercise nor strength training for patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) without intermittent claudication have been established as beneficial. OBJECTIVE To determine whether supervised treadmill exercise or lower extremity resistance training improve functional performance of patients with PAD with or without claudication. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Randomized controlled clinical trial performed at an urban academic medical center between April 1, 2004, and August 8, 2008, involving 156 patients with PAD who were randomly assigned to supervised treadmill exercise, to lower extremity resistance training, or to a control group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Six-minute walk performance and the short physical performance battery. Secondary outcomes were brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, treadmill walking performance, the Walking Impairment Questionnaire, and the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey physical functioning (SF-36 PF) score. RESULTS For the 6-minute walk, those in the supervised treadmill exercise group increased their distance walked by 35.9 m (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.3-56.5 m; P < .001) compared with the control group, whereas those in the resistance training group increased their distance walked by 12.4 m (95% CI, -8.42 to 33.3 m; P = .24) compared with the control group. Neither exercise group improved its short physical performance battery scores. For brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, those in the treadmill group had a mean improvement of 1.53% (95% CI, 0.35%-2.70%; P = .02) compared with the control group. The treadmill group had greater increases in maximal treadmill walking time (3.44 minutes; 95% CI, 2.05-4.84 minutes; P < .001); walking impairment distance score (10.7; 95% CI, 1.56-19.9; P = .02); and SF-36 PF score (7.5; 95% CI, 0.00-15.0; P = .02) than the control group. The resistance training group had greater increases in maximal treadmill walking time (1.90 minutes; 95% CI, 0.49-3.31 minutes; P = .009); walking impairment scores for distance (6.92; 95% CI, 1.07-12.8; P = .02) and stair climbing (10.4; 95% CI, 0.00-20.8; P = .03); and SF-36 PF score (7.5; 95% CI, 0.0-15.0; P = .04) than the control group. CONCLUSIONS Supervised treadmill training improved 6-minute walk performance, treadmill walking performance, brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, and quality of life but did not improve the short physical performance battery scores of PAD participants with and without intermittent claudication. Lower extremity resistance training improved functional performance measured by treadmill walking, quality of life, and stair climbing ability. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00106327.

Best practices for transradial angiography and intervention: a consensus statement from the society for cardiovascular angiography and intervention's transradial working group.

Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, California Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota University of Illinois at Chicago/Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois First Coast Heart and Vascular Center, Jacksonville, Florida G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical CenterJackson, Mississippi. Stern Cardiovascular Foundation, Memphis, Tennessee Reid Heart Center at FirstHealth of the Carolinas, Pinehurst, North Carolina Deborah Heart & Lung Institute, Browns Mills, New Jersey Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina Lahey Clinic, Burlington, Massachusetts Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania Apex Heart Institute, Seth N.H.L. Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Education, The Commonwealth Medical College, Scranton, Pennsylvania

Same-Day Discharge Compared With Overnight Hospitalization After Uncomplicated Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

OBJECTIVES This study sought to evaluate outcomes of same-day discharge (SDD) following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) versus overnight hospitalization (ON). BACKGROUND Although there are data on the safety and feasibility of SDD after PCI, ON continues to be prevalent. METHODS The Cochrane search strategy was used to search the PubMed database, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for relevant literature. Thirteen studies (5 randomized and 8 observational) of SDD after uncomplicated PCI versus ON met inclusion criteria. Data were pooled using a random effects model, and reported as odds ratios (OR) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI). The primary outcomes were incidence of total complications, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), and rehospitalization within 30 days after PCI. RESULTS A total of 13 studies, involving 111,830 patients were pooled. There was significant variation in the definition of outcomes across studies. For total complications, the strategy of SDD compared with ON after PCI had an estimated OR of 1.20 (95% CI: 0.82 to 1.74) in randomized and 0.67 (95% CI: 0.27 to 1.66) in observational studies. Similar results were found for MACE (randomized, OR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.45 to 2.18; observational, OR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.06 to 5.57) and rehospitalizations (randomized, OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 0.70 to 1.74; observational, OR: 0.62, 95% CI: 0.10 to 3.98) at 30 days post PCI. CONCLUSIONS There is considerable heterogeneity across published studies comparing SDD with ON. This, coupled with the low event rate and wide corresponding CIs, suggest that an adequately powered multicenter randomized trial comparing SDD with ON would require a very large sample size (>17,000). Until such a trial is completed, SDD after uncomplicated PCI seems a reasonable approach in selected patients.

Physical activity during daily life and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in peripheral arterial disease

Abstract We determined whether higher levels of physical activity in daily life are associated with better brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) among individuals with lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Participants were 111 men and women with PAD (ankle–brachial index (ABI) ≤ 0.95) who completed baseline testing in the Study to Improve Leg Circulation (SILC). We evaluated FMD of the brachial artery at baseline and at 60 seconds following 4 minutes of suprasystolic blood pressure cuff inflation. Physical activity was measured continuously over 7 days using a vertical accelerometer (Caltrac) and a pedometer (Digiwalker). Adjusting for age, sex, race, ABI, cardiovascular risk factors and other potential confounders, higher levels of physical activity were associated with a greater percent change in brachial artery FMD at 60 seconds post cuff deflation for both Caltrac (1st tertile of activity +4.81% change; 2nd tertile +4.60% change; 3rd tertile +7.23% change; p-trend = 0.018) and the Digiwalker (1st tertile of activity +3.76% change; 2nd tertile +6.25% change; 3rd tertile +7.25% change; p-trend = 0.001). Similar findings were observed for absolute change in brachial artery FMD 60 seconds after cuff deflation. In conclusion, higher levels of physical activity during daily life are associated significantly and independently with better brachial artery FMD among individuals with PAD, even after adjusting for confounders. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00106327.

Complications of transradial catheterization

Cardiac catheterization via the transradial approach has increased in the United States over the past few years; however, wide-scale adoption still lags in comparison to many international health care systems. Transradial catheterization has a unique set of complications and risks that each operator must appreciate. Radial artery spasm and radial artery occlusion are the most common complications, while bleeding complications such as hematomas and perforations are much less frequent. Each of these issues can be managed successfully with minor changes to ones practice. In this review of the current state of the art, the reader will develop an appreciation for the prevalence of each of the common complications as well as the less common, but potentially highly morbid, events. Throughout this evidence-based review, practical prevention strategies and specific treatment pathways are described for each issue that is covered.

Use of Mechanical Circulatory Support in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Insights From the National Cardiovascular Data Registry

Background— Little is known about the contemporary use of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) and other mechanical circulatory support (O-MCS) devices in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the setting of cardiogenic shock. Methods and Results— We identified 76 474 patients who underwent PCI in the setting of cardiogenic shock at one of 1429 National Cardiovascular Data Registry CathPCI participating hospitals from 2009 to 2013. Temporal trends and hospital-level variation in the use of IABP and O-MCS were evaluated. No mechanical circulatory support was used in 41 286 (54%) patients, 29 730 (39%) received IABP only, 2711 (3.5%) received O-MCS only, and 2747 (3.6%) received both IABP and O-MCS. At the start of the study period, 45% of patients undergoing PCI in the setting of cardiogenic shock received an IABP and 6.7% received O-MCS. The proportion of patients receiving IABP declined at an average rate of 0.3% per quarter, whereas the rate of O-MCS use was unchanged over the study period. The predicted probability of IABP use varied significantly by site (hospital median 42%, interquartile range 33% to 51%, range 8% to 85%). The probability of O-MCS use was <5% for half of hospitals and >20% in less than one-tenth of hospitals. Conclusions— In this large national registry, the use of IABP in the setting of PCI for cardiogenic shock decreased over time without a concurrent increase in O-MCS use. The probability of IABP and O-MCS use varied across hospitals, and the use of O-MCS was clustered at a small number of hospitals.

Temporal Trends in Gastrointestinal Bleeding Associated with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Analysis of the 1998–2006 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) Database

BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and coronary artery disease (CAD) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. METHODS The NIS database from 1998 to 2006 was used to identify 1,216,759 PCIs performed for ACS and CAD. We sought to analyze temporal trends in the incidence and in-hospital outcomes of GIB associated with PCI along with its predictors. RESULTS The overall incidence of GIB was 1.04% (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02%-1.06%). The incidence of GIB decreased over the study period (P for trend <.0001). The overall mortality in the GIB group was 6.0% (95% CI, 5.6%-6.4%). The adjusted OR for in-hospital mortality and GIB was 4.70 (95% CI, 4.23-5.23; P < .0001); this remained high and essentially unchanged over the study period. Independent predictors of GIB included rectum/anal cancer (OR, 4.64; 95% CI, 3.20-6.73; P < .0001), stomach cancer (OR, 2.74; 95% CI, 1.62-4.66; P = .0002), esophageal cancer (OR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.08-3.69; P = .0288), colon cancer (OR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.43-2.02; P < .0001), congestive heart failure (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.35-1.52; P < .0001), and acute myocardial infarction (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.13-1.35; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Although the incidence of GIB associated with PCI decreased from 1998 to 2006 in the face of aggressive therapies for ACS and CAD, the risk of GIB-associated death remained high. Underlying GI malignancy is a significant independent predictor of GIB associated with PCI; identifying these patients may reduce the rate of GIB.

Treatment of Higher-Risk Patients With an Indication for Revascularization

Patients with severe coronary artery disease with a clinical indication for revascularization but who are at high procedural risk because of patient comorbidities, complexity of coronary anatomy, and/or poor hemodynamics represent an understudied and potentially underserved patient population. Through advances in percutaneous interventional techniques and technologies and improvements in patient selection, current percutaneous coronary intervention may allow appropriate patients to benefit safely from revascularization procedures that might not have been offered in the past. The burgeoning interest in these procedures in some respects reflects an evolutionary step within the field of percutaneous coronary intervention. However, because of the clinical complexity of many of these patients and procedures, it is critical to develop dedicated specialists within interventional cardiology who are trained with the cognitive and technical skills to select these patients appropriately and to perform these procedures safely. Preprocedural issues such as multidisciplinary risk and treatment assessments are highly relevant to the successful treatment of these patients, and knowledge gaps and future directions to improve outcomes in this emerging area are discussed. Ultimately, an evolution of contemporary interventional cardiology is necessary to treat the increasingly higher-risk patients with whom we are confronted.

A review of radiation exposures associated with radial cardiac catheterisation

Transradial (TR) cardiac catheterisation is thought to be associated with an increased exposure to radiation compared with the traditional transfemoral (TF) access. This paper provides a review of current literature describing these reported associations. Although several studies have reported an increase in radiation exposure to both operator and patient with TR compared with TF access, others have reported findings suggesting no significant difference, even reporting decreased exposure with TR access. Ultimately, increased radiation exposure appears likely with TR access; however, in consideration of the many benefits associated with TR access, radiation exposure remains only one of many considerations when deciding between routes of access.

Same-Day Discharge After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Current Perspectives and Strategies for Implementation

IMPORTANCE The evolution of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has led to improved safety and efficacy, such that overnight observation can be avoided in some patients. We sought to provide a narrative review of the current literature regarding the outcomes of same-day discharge (SDD) PCI and to describe a framework for the development of an SDD program. OBSERVATIONS A literature search of PubMed was performed for human studies on SDD PCI published in English from January 1, 1995, to July 31, 2015. We reviewed the studies between June and September 2015. After literature review, we included reports of randomized clinical trials, observational studies, meta-analyses guidelines, and consensus statements in a narrative review. Compared with overnight observation, there was no increase in adverse events (bleeding, repeat coronary procedures, death, or rehospitalization) among patients in these studies who were discharged on the same day of their PCI procedure. Same-day discharge was associated with significant cost savings and was preferred by patients. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The available evidence supports the safety of SDD in selected patients after PCI. Specific programmatic features are important to the successful implementation of SDD after PCI. Greater adoption of SDD programs after PCI has the potential to improve patient satisfaction, increase bed availability, and reduce hospital costs without increasing adverse patient outcomes.