Adil Kabbaj

Development of intelligent systems and multi-agents systems with amine platform

Amine is a Java open source multi-layer platform dedicated to the development of intelligent systems and multi-agents systems. This paper and companion papers [2, 3] provide an overview of Amine platform and illustrate its use in the development of dynamic programming applications, natural language processing applications, multi-agents systems and ontology-based applications.

From PROLOG++ to PROLOG+CG: A CG Object-Oriented Logic Programming Language

In [11], we presented PROLOG++, a CG-based conceptual and contextual extension of PROLOG. This paper discusses some limitations of PROLOG++ and presents a more expressive, efficient and uniform version, called PROLOG+CG which overcomes the limitations. PROLOG+CG is a CG object- oriented logic programming language suited for many CG applications. Contrary to PROLOG++ which has been implemented in C-Prolog, PROLOG+CG is implemented directly in JAVA 2. Thus and thanks to the change of the implementation, PROLOG+CG incorporates CG (both simple and compound) as a basic data structure, beside term and list. Other possibilities, discussed in this paper, are offered by PROLOG+CG due to its direct implementation in JAVA 2.

Ontologies in amine platform: structures and processes

The theoretical part of this paper presents and discusses the conflict between Ontology and Commonsense Knowledge (CK) in the context of Computer-Human Interaction/Communication. A resolution of this conflict is proposed, where Ontology is considered as a special case of CK (i.e. a formal CK). By this “rehabilitation” of Ontology to “CK Base”, we extend “by the way” the meaning and scope of Ontology to include “CK-based Ontology”. This new kind of ontology considers both definitional and schematic/situational knowledge. Moreover, we propose for this new kind of ontology an organizational scheme based on the use of Conceptual Structures (like Definition, Canon and Schematic Clusters). The technical part presents the “implementation” of this theoretical framework in Amine platform [14] and especially in its Ontology layer. Amines ontology meta-model is presented as well as various Ontology/CKBase related processes.

Uses, Improvements, and Extensions of Prolog+CG: Case Studies

Prolog+CG is a CG-Based logic programming language which integrates Prolog, the manipulation of conceptual graphs (CGs), Java and object-oriented constructs. It provides a powerful development environment for the creation of knowledge-based applications and their integration on the web. Java provides object-oriented capabilities allowing the development of multiplatform applications. Object-oriented Prolog provides the full power of an object-oriented logic programming language and CGs provide the expressive power of an advanced knowledge representation language. This paper presents the recent extensions that have been added to Prolog+CG and illustrates some typical uses of the environment for the development of various applications.

Synergiy as an Hybrid Object-Oriented Conceptual Graph Language

This paper presents the use of Synergy as an Hybrid Object-Oriented Conceptual Graph Language (HOO-CGL). Synergy is an implemented visual multi-paradigm language based on executable conceptual graphs with an activation interpretation, instead of a logical one. This paper describes the formulation in Synergy of basic concepts of the hybrid object-oriented paradigm: encapsulation, definition of a class with methods and daemons, method and daemon defmitions, class hierarchy, instance and instantiation mechanism, inheritance (both property and method inheritance), method call, method execution and daemon invocation due to accessing data. An example is used to illustrate the presentation of such an Hybrid Object-Oriented Conceptual Graph Language.

Synergy: A Conceptual Graph Activation-Based Language

This paper presents the core of Synergy; an implemented visual multi-paradigm programming language based on executable Conceptual Graph (CG). Execution is based on a CG-activation mechanism for which concept lifecycle, relation propagation rules and referent instantiation constitute the key elements, hi this paper we defme the activation mechanism and the CG structure (concept, relation, context, co-reference) used in Synergy as well as the concept type definition, the encapsulation mechanism and the knowledge base of Synergy. Examples are given to illustrate some aspects of the language. Hybrid object-oriented and concurrent object-oriented use of Synergy are presented in other papers [9, 10].

A Conceptual and Contextual Object-Oriented Logic Programming: the PROLOG++ Language

Building upon J. Sowas Conceptual Graph (CG) theory, this paper introduces basic elements of the new language, PROLOG++, subsuming Prolog with various objet oriented, conceptual and contextual extensions. A Prolog++ “program” is composed of a declarative knowledge base and a distributed strategic knowledge base; the latter forms a network of objects that communicate by sending messages. A message corresponds to a goal described by a term or a CG (simple or compound). Declarative knowledge base corresponds to a “conceptual dictionary” describing the semantic of concepts and relations used in CG. The declarative base is composed of two hierarchies, one for concepts and the other for relations, each element of the two hierarchies corresponds to an object made up of conceptual structures. This base thus endows Prolog++ with a second form of object oriented programming. Finally, Prolog++ provides, as predefined methods, a set of conceptual operations for editing and handling CG.

The Use of a Semantic Network Activation Language in an ITS Project

We report the use of a graphical multi-paradigm language in SAFARI; an environment for the development of ITSs. The language, called Synergy uses “active semantic networks” to manipulate both declarative and procedural knowledge.

Integration of the controlled language ACE to the amine platform

This paper presents the integration of the controlled language ACE (Attempto Controlled English) to Amine platform. Since the parser engine of ACE (ACE Parser Engine or APE) generates a DRS structure (Discourse Representation Structure), we have developed a mapping from DRS to CG (DRS2CG) which produces a CG equivalent to the DRS produced by APE. Through this mapping and this integration of ACE into Amine, Amine users can use controlled language to express their knowledge or specifications, instead of having to express them in CG directly.

Dynamic integration of knowledge in memory

Knowledge acquisition leads to the general problem of memory reorganization when new information is to be integrated in a system. We show in this paper how a general algorithm can be used to integrate new information into memory. A generalisation graph is developed by the algorithm using a comparison operation which is able to compare two descriptions of the knowledge. We show how this operation can be performed according to different knowledge representations.<<ETX>>