Adrian J. Bailey

Distance and health care utilization among the rural elderly

This paper explores the relationship between distance and the utilization of health care by a group of elderly residents in rural Vermont. By drawing on recent work on the geography of health we frame the decision to visit a primary care physician in the context of the experience of place. The paper devises a test of this broader reading of the role of distance for utilization, and operationalizes this test using a custom designed survey. Using a randomized mail survey of elderly residents of Vermonts North East Kingdom we explore how grocery shopping, travel to work, home location relative to local services, access to private transportation, and living arrangements are associated with the number of doctor visits made to primary health care providers. Although the results confirm the idea that increased distance from provider does reduce utilization, they strongly suggest that distance to provider is a surrogate for location in a richer web of relations between residents and their local communities. We conclude by calling for further research that establishes links between place and the use of health facilities.

Re)producing Salvadoran Transnational Geographies

As contemporary international migrants forge new webs of connection and social fields between distant places, transnational scholarship seeks to understand and theorize these emerging spaces. Our account of the Salvadoran transnational social field centered in northern New Jersey contributes to the development of transnational theory by considering how a particular legal provision—temporary protective status (TPS)—permeates daily life. We argue that material and nonmaterial aspects of daily life become associated with an experience of space-time relations to which we refer as permanent temporariness. Permanent temporariness limits the geographic, economic, social, and political ambitions of Salvadorans, but is increasingly resisted through acts of strategic visibility. Our article reflects on the implications of permanent temporariness for the production of scale in the particular transnational field we study, and on links to broader discussions about transnationalism, the international political economy of migration, and capitalist restructuring. To represent the experiences of Salvadorans, we use a transnational mixed-methods approach to pool quantitative and qualitative data that were collected serially at multiple sites.

Migration, Care, and the Linked Lives of Dual-Earner Households:

In this paper we explore how family relations influence the migration decisions of partners in dual-earner households. Specifically, we focus on how care responsibilities link the lives of partners, their children, and their parents, and how these ‘linked lives’ enable and constrain migration. We adopt a grounded theory approach and interview partners in two suburbs of Boston, Massachusetts. The results have two implications for the development of family migration theory. First, as dual-earner households make family migration decisions in the context of linked lives, these migration decisions cannot be understood as either economically driven or care driven, being contextualised by both spheres. Second, the importance of intergenerational links may increase the incidence of return migration of later-life dual-earner households.

Family Migration and Employment: The Importance of Migration History and Gender

This article uses event history data to specify a model of employment returns to initial migration, onward migration, and return migration among newly married persons in the US. Husbands are more likely to be full-time employed than wives, and being a parent reduces the employment odds among married women. Employment returns to repeated migration differ by gender, with more husbands full-time employed after onward migration and more wives full-time employed after return migration events. We interpret these empirical findings in the context of family migration theory, segmented labor market theory, and gender-based responsibilities.

Poisoned landscapes: the epidemiology of environmental lead exposure in Massachusetts children 1990-1991.

This research models the geographic variation in lead poisoning among children living in Massachusetts between 1990 and 1991. Elevated levels of blood lead, which reduce educational performance, arise because children are exposed to unnaturally concentrated sources of lead in the built environment. A Poisson regression model indicates that a large number of children with lead poisoning may be detected in towns with a high proportion of older housing, female headed households, African-Americans, and an industrial heritage. Our results suggest links between the processes of urbanization and industrialization in Massachusetts and todays lead poisoned landscapes.

Migration History, Migration Behavior and Selectivity

A series of proportional hazards models are used to study the relationship between migration history and migration behavior for a sample of young adults from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The results support the argument that migration is a selective process. College educated young adults have a greater hazard rate of making an initial migration but a lower hazard rate of re-migration, suggesting they have less need of corrective geographic behavior. Individuals who have moved two or more times are less responsive to national unemployment conditions than first time migrants. Migration is related to the timing of unemployment within a sojourn. The findings suggest that migrant stock is an important determinant of how labor markets function.

Neoliberal-parasitic economies and space building: Chicago's Southwest Side

Neoliberal-parasitic economies currently blanket many low-income Latino communities across urban America. We deepen and nuance the thesis that space building is now a privileged instrument of these neoliberal economies. We unearth the everyday operations of this economy and how its manufactured spaces of human management and control are mediated and responded to by local workers to reshape this economy and local worker lives. Our focus, Chicagos poor Latino Southwest Side, advances understanding of the mechanics and impacts of this complex space building on this transnational population. Ethnographic research reveals complex contingencies where a neoliberal colonizing and producing of space tussle with worker perceptions of affliction and hope. We identify the production of a Latino oppression space that is simultaneously a site for human degradation, human struggle to survive, personal and ethnic hope and possibility, and ethnic enrichment. In this context, we reveal that human resistance and hope etched into this space forms from a persistent imagining: the Latino Village. To date, this ethnoscapes usage for organizing such oppositional spaces has eluded studies of contemporary Latino counterpolitics. We conclude that this economys operation and people living through its spatial productions need to be seen as an inseparable dialectic. Urban spaces are both economically and institutionally conditioned and poignantly lived through in a continuous flow that determines their multifaceted character and effects.

International Family Migration and Differential Labour-Market Participation in Great Britain: Is There a ‘Gender Gap’?

Drawing upon studies of subnational (internal) family migration, in this paper we link international family migration to differential labour-market participation in Great Britain. We extend Kofmans fourfold categorisation of international family migration processes to develop a typology of scenarios that acknowledge the important role of the family. We match scenarios to different out-comes using a subsample of partnered migrants from the Sample of Anonymised Records (SAR) of the 1991 Census. In line with subnational family migration literature, descriptive analyses of the SAR point to a ‘gender gap’ between the labour-market participation of partnered men and partnered women moving into Great Britain between 1990–1991, with males twice as likely to be attached to the labour force compared with women. We contribute to debates on changing family organisation and employment returns to international migration by arguing that the magnitude of this gender gap varies across migration scenario and family structure. In this paper we stress the need for more interchange between international and subnational family-migration scholarship, and provide valuable entrees for analyses of the forthcoming microdata of the 2001 Census.

Legal status gender and employment among Salvadorans in the US.

This paper investigates the labor market experiences of Salvadorans who reside and work in the US. Many Salvadorans work on temporary visas which are currently renewed annually until the Immigration and Naturalization Service or the courts hear their asylum cases under the American Baptist Church vs. Thornburgh ruling. Acknowledging that gender provides the foundation for most occupational segregation and income inequality the authors evaluate how legal status and gender interrelate and shape (and are shaped by) the work experiences of Salvadorans. The authors also consider how transnational obligations to family in El Salvador influence employment behavior and outcomes and in so doing the research asks the authors to think anew about the localness of local labor markets. The study relies on data collected during 15 months of fieldwork in northern New Jersey and El Salvador. (authors)

Industrialization and Economic Development in Advanced Placement Human Geography

Abstract This article discusses the contents and significance of the industrialization and economic development section of the Advanced Placement human geography course. It also describes how the course outline breaks into four sections the concern of economic geographers with the analysis of the spatial character of economic activity. In summarizing the content of these sections attention is given to links with other course modules and to the use of effective pedagogies for articulating key concepts.