Adrian Phillips

Seven steps to market - the development of the market-led approach to countryside conservation and recreation.

Abstract Fifty years of interplay between farming, environment and politics are reviewed within the context of the search for policy tools which reconcile the need for conservation and access to the countryside with the needs of those who own or manage the land. Seven main policy instruments which have been used to reconcile conflicts between the various interest groups representing farmers and landowners, conservationists and recreationists are identified and their strengths and weaknesses analysed. The significance and initial impact of the seventh of these policy tools — the incentives or market-led approach — is considered in greater detail.

Landscape Approaches to National Parks and Protected Areas

Wilderness protection was for long the driving force behind protected areas. However, the concept of wilderness can be misleading, and many humanized areas (i.e. landscapes) are also rich in natural and cultural values. Though a concern with landscapes has tended to be associated with Europe, it is of broader relevance. This is apparent in: the IUCN Protected Area Management Category V - Protected Landscape/Seascape, (there are >2,200 such sites around the world); Cultural Landscapes under the World Heritage Convention; the European Strategy for Landscape and Biological Diversity; and the proposed European landscapes convention. There is a need for research in landscape typology, landscape evaluation and landscape management; the last has to address the key question of how to manage landscape when it is the product of human use.