Adriana Leico Oda

Swallowing disorders after ischemic stroke

OBJECTIVE To investigate occurrences of swallowing disorders after ischemic stroke. METHOD This was a retrospective study on 596 medical files. The inclusion criterion was that the patients needed to have been hospitalized with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke; the exclusion criteria were the presence of associated cardiac problems and hospital stay already more than 14 days. RESULTS 50.5% were men and 49.5% women; mean age 65.3 years (SD= ± 11.7) (p ≤ 0.001). Among the risk factors, 79.4% had hypertension, 36.7% had diabetes (p ≤ 0.001) and 42.7% were smokers. 13.3% of the patients died. Swallowing disorders occurred in 19.6%, among whom 91.5% had mild difficulty and 8.5% had severe difficulty. 87.1% had spontaneous recovery after a mean of 2.4 months. A lesion in the brainstem region occurred in 6.8% (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION Swallowing disorders occurred in almost 20% of the population and most of the difficulty in swallowing found was mild. The predictors for swallowing disorders were older age, diabetes mellitus and lesions in the brainstem region.

Avaliação clínica, endoscópica e manométrica da deglutição em pacientes com miastenia grave autoimune adquirida

Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, is a common problem following myasthenia gravis (MG) and may lead to aspiration of saliva, food or liquids. We herein present 22 MG patients, with complaint of dysphagia, evaluated by phonoaudiological evaluation, nasofibrolaryngoscopical analysis and manometry of upper esophageal sphincter. The main objective was to evaluate the phases of the swallowing process and anatomical and functional aspects of oropharyngeal musculature. The age of patients varied from 19 to 74 years; being 19 female and 3 male. The main data were: (1) statistically significant relation between the phonoaudiological clinical evaluation and nasofibrolaryngoscopical one; (2) stomatognatical system disorders present in 100%; (3) swallowing and chewing disorders present in 100%, when clinically evaluated, and in 81,8% when evaluated by the nasofibrolaryngoscopy; (4) statistically significant relation between penetration/aspiration and antecedents of pneumonia; (5) stomatognatical muscles very altered, difficulty controlling the bolus, collection of food in the pharynx or larynx and presence of penetration and/or aspiration showed significant correlation with weakness of a pharyngeal muscles. These findings justify the necessity to evaluate clinically the swallowing phases in MG patients, with the main purpose to prevent both aspiration and dehidration from inadequate oral intake.Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, is a common problem following myasthenia gravis (MG) and may lead to aspiration of saliva, food or liquids. We herein present 22 MG patients, with complaint of dysphagia, evaluated by phonoaudiological evaluation, nasofibrolaryngoscopical analysis and manometry of upper esophageal sphincter. The main objective was to evaluate the phases of the swallowing process and anatomical and functional aspects of oropharyngeal musculature. The age of patients varied from 19 to 74 years; being 19 female and 3 male. The main data were: (1) statistically significant relation between the phonoaudiological clinical evaluation and nasofibrolaryngoscopical one; (2) stomatognatical system disorders present in 100%; (3) swallowing and chewing disorders present in 100%, when clinically evaluated, and in 81,8% when evaluated by the nasofibrolaryngoscopy; (4) statistically significant relation between penetration/aspiration and antecedents of pneumonia; (5) stomatognatical muscles very altered, difficulty controlling the bolus, collection of food in the pharynx or larynx and presence of penetration and/or aspiration showed significant correlation with weakness of a pharyngeal muscles. These findings justify the necessity to evaluate clinically the swallowing phases in MG patients, with the main purpose to prevent both aspiration and dehidration from inadequate oral intake.

Disfagia orofaríngea na distrofia miotônica: avaliaçäo fonoaudiológica e análise nasofibrolaringoscópica

We here in present twenty myotonic dystrophy of Steinert patients with the main objective to evaluate and classify the oropharyngeal swallowing by the phonoaudiological clinical and nasofibrolaryngoscopical analysis. The age of the patients varied from 12 to 53 years, being 13 male and 7 female. The mean data: (1) statistically significant relation between the phonoaudiological clinical evaluation and nasofibrolaryngoscopical one; (2) stomatognatical system disorders present in 100%; (3) swallowing disorders present in 95%, when clinically evaluated, and in 70% when evaluated by the nasofibrolaryngoscopy; (4) higher difficulty to swallow consistent feed; (5) stomatognatical muscles very altered, pharyngeal phase disorders, cough after swallowing, antecedents of pneumonia and complaints of chewing/swallowing presented statistically significant correlation with severity of the sickness. The analysis were able to evaluate statical and functionally the involved structures in the swallowing, having got to take part of the routine of attendance to the patients with myotonic dystrophy of Steinert.

Avaliação clínica da relação entre postura, respiração e deglutição em paciente pós-acidente vascular cerebral na fase crônica: relato de caso

The Stroke is a neurological disorder that disables more adults. The breathing, posture and swallowing have a direct relationship in this disease, thus requiring a multidisciplinary approach. The goal of this study was to conduct a clinical evaluation integrated to analyze the relationship between these disorders. This case is a female patient aged 37 with six years of diagnosis of ischemic stroke with right hemiparesis complete predominantly crural, hypertension, dysphagia and dysarthrophonia. In history, reported symptoms related to dyspnea, pain in the lumbar spine, the presence of coughing and choking and drooling to food, especially during the speech. The patient has scoliosis, thoracic kyphosis and abdominal weakness. The evaluation showed a respiratory expiratory force below the expected range. The peak cough flow is lower than expected, demonstrating not have the strength to cough. The research revealed changes in speech increased time to eat, need to drink to help swallow solid food before any leaks, the need for multiple swallows due to the sense of stasis in laryngeal-pharyngeal cavity and decreased taste and thick and viscous saliva. Using physical and speech therapy evaluations, we concluded that a patient with stroke in chronic respiratory presents alterations that may prevent it from effectively protecting the lower airways, which, added to postural changes and swallowing show the importance of integrated assessment for future therapeutic interventions more effective.

Nutrition and Survival in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by alterations in nutritional state, energy intake, and energy expenditure. Maintaining an appropriate energy balance prevents malnutrition and its complications, and may improve physical functioning, quality of life, and survival. Worsening nutritional state as reflected by a decrease of body mass index (BMI) or weight has been associated with decreased survival. Enteral feeding can maintain BMI and weight and should be considered as a means to increase survival. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a standard procedure for feeding dysphagic ALS patients. Nevertheless, the effects of prognostic factors that influence survival after PEG remain unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this chapter is to evaluate the effects of nutrition on survival.

Nutrition and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a loss of motor neurons in the cerebral cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord, leading to skeletal muscle atrophy, paralysis, and death. The clinical onset can be bulbar, affecting swallowing and phonation, or spinal, presenting as skeletal muscle atrophy. Dysphagia is a condition that leads to decreased food intake and body mass, malnutrition, and dehydration. Weight and muscle loss are related to the disease progression. In this chapter, we will discuss the importance of nutritional therapy in the multidisciplinary treatment of ALS.

INTERFERÊNCIA DO TRATAMENTO MEDICAMENTOSO IMEDIATO E TARDIO NA DOENÇA DE PARKINSON NO GERENCIAMENTO DA DISFAGIA

Parkinson’s disease shows a higher incidence in the elderly population generating progressive motor impairment, which affects several functions, among which stands out swallowing. The purpose of this study is to correlate the dysphagia in Parkinson’s disease with immediate and / or late effect of the drug treatment, which directly or indirectly, will interfere with speech therapy management. We carried out a literature review in electronic databases Lilacs, Scielo, Medline and Pubmed from 2001 to 2011, using the free terms “Parkinson Disease”; (Parkinson Disease), “swallowing”; (deglutition), “dysphagia”; (dysphagia), “pharmaceutical preparations”; (pharmaceutical preparations), “levodopa”;, “videofluoroscopy”; (videofluoroscopy), a government document (OPAS, 2002), relevant articles and copies of American and Brazilian literature about the theme. The literature appointments levodopa as the main pharmacological treatment of the Parkinson’s disease. However, the resolution of the motor symptoms must be balanced in function of important collateral effects, being immediate or later. Actually, there aren’t consistent answers in favour of the resolution of the dysphagia in consequence of pharmacological treatment, wich effects may interfere, direct or indirectly, on the dysphagic manifestations and of several ways. In this way, turns fundamental the record of the medications like part of the anamnese, considering that, such data may help orientation/reorientation of the phonoaudiologic management, specially interdisciplinary context. In despite of possibility of Parkinson’s patient to answer inconsistently to pharmacological therapy, is noteworthy that professional must pay attention to presence of collateral effects like modifiers factors of the dysphagia oropharyngea profile in the idiopatic Parkinson’s disease.