Adroaldo Cezar Araujo Gaya

Trends of underweight, overweight, and obesity in Brazilian children and adolescents

Objective To describe and analyze the trends of occurrence of underweight, overweight, and obesity in schoolchildren.OBJECTIVE To describe and analyze the trends of occurrence of underweight, overweight, and obesity in schoolchildren. METHODS This was a longitudinal study of trends conducted in a voluntary sample of Brazilian children and adolescents. The sample was grouped by year of collection (period I: 2005 and 2006; period II: 2007 and 2008, and period III: 2009-2011), age category (children: 7 to 10 years, and adolescents: 11 to 14 years), and stratified by gender. The body mass index was used to classify the nutritional profile. Trend analysis was verified using multinomial logistic regression (p<0.05). RESULTS Mean occurrences were 2.11% for underweight, 22.27% for overweight, and 6.8% for obesity. There was a decrease of underweight in male adolescents from period I to II, as well as an increase in female children from period II to III. Regarding overweight, there was an increase followed by a decrease in male children. Regarding obesity, there was an increase from period I to II in all age groups and for both genders. CONCLUSION The prevalence of underweight was less than 5% in all categories of age and gender. However, the categories of overweight and obesity showed higher values, and together comprised almost 30% of the young Brazilian population; moreover, a trend toward increase in prevalence of obesity was observed up to the year 2008, followed by the maintenance of these high prevalence rates.

Effect of biological maturation on maximal oxygen uptake and ventilatory thresholds in soccer players: An allometric approach

Abstract In this study, we investigated the effect of biological maturation on maximal oxygen uptake ([Vdot]O2max) and ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) in 110 young soccer players separated into pubescent and post-pubescent groups.. Maximal oxygen uptake and [Vdot]O2 corresponding to VT1 and VT2 were expressed as absolute values, ratio standards, theoretical exponents, and experimentally observed exponents. Absolute [Vdot]O2 (ml · min−1) was different between groups for VT1, VT2, and [Vdot]O2max. Ratio standards (ml · kg−1 · min−1) were not significantly different between groups for VT1, VT2, and [Vdot]O2max. Theoretical exponents (ml · kg−0.67 · min−1 and ml · kg−0.75 · min−1) were not properly adjusted for the body mass effects on VT1, VT2, and [Vdot]O2max. When the data were correctly adjusted using experimentally observed exponents, VT1 (ml · kg−0.94 · min−1) and VT2 (ml · kg−0.95 · min−1) were not different between groups. The experimentally observed exponent for [Vdot]O2max (ml · kg−0.90 · min−1) was different between groups (P = 0.048); however, this difference could not be attributed to biological maturation. In conclusion, biological maturation had no effect on VT1, VT2 or [Vdot]O2max when the effect of body mass was adjusted by experimentally observed exponents. Thus, when evaluating the physiological performance of young soccer players, allometric scaling needs to be taken into account instead of using theoretical approaches.

Sobrepeso e obesidade em escolares brasileiros de sete a nove anos: dados do projeto Esporte Brasil

OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Brazilian schoolchildren aged 7 to 9 years and determine its association with gender, age and geographic region. METHODS: This cross-sectional epidemiological study enrolled 2,913 students (1,478 boys and 1,435 girls) aged 7 to 9 years and was conducted between 2004 and 2005. The body mass index cutoff values proposed by the International Obesity Task Force were used as a diagnostic criterion for overweight and obesity. The chi-square test was used for comparison of proportions, and differences in prevalence rates were determined by testing for comparison between two proportions. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 15.4% and 7.8% in boys and girls, respectively, with similar proportions in both genders and across all ages. In boys, overweight and obesity were only associated with geographic region (p<0.001), with a higher prevalence found in children from the South region. In girls, the prevalence of overweight was highest among those aged 7 years and those from the North region. In addition, an overall higher prevalence of obesity was observed among children from the South region. CONCLUSIONS: Schoolchildren from the South region of Brazil have a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity than those from other areas of the country. We conclude that overweight and obesity in childhood are on an upward trend, and our findings corroborate the results reported in other Brazilian studies.

Original articleTrends of underweight, overweight, and obesity in Brazilian children and adolescentsTendência do baixo peso, sobrepeso e obesidade de crianças e adolescentes brasileiros☆

Objective To describe and analyze the trends of occurrence of underweight, overweight, and obesity in schoolchildren.OBJECTIVE To describe and analyze the trends of occurrence of underweight, overweight, and obesity in schoolchildren. METHODS This was a longitudinal study of trends conducted in a voluntary sample of Brazilian children and adolescents. The sample was grouped by year of collection (period I: 2005 and 2006; period II: 2007 and 2008, and period III: 2009-2011), age category (children: 7 to 10 years, and adolescents: 11 to 14 years), and stratified by gender. The body mass index was used to classify the nutritional profile. Trend analysis was verified using multinomial logistic regression (p<0.05). RESULTS Mean occurrences were 2.11% for underweight, 22.27% for overweight, and 6.8% for obesity. There was a decrease of underweight in male adolescents from period I to II, as well as an increase in female children from period II to III. Regarding overweight, there was an increase followed by a decrease in male children. Regarding obesity, there was an increase from period I to II in all age groups and for both genders. CONCLUSION The prevalence of underweight was less than 5% in all categories of age and gender. However, the categories of overweight and obesity showed higher values, and together comprised almost 30% of the young Brazilian population; moreover, a trend toward increase in prevalence of obesity was observed up to the year 2008, followed by the maintenance of these high prevalence rates.

O estresse oxidativo e o exercício físico em indivíduos HIV positivo

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is characterized by functional and structural changes related to the immunological system. Moreover, increase in oxidative stress (OS) in HIV patients, characterized by a reduction in the glutathione (GSH) levels, increases in glutathione disulfide (GSSG), in the ratio GSSG/GSH and in lipid peroxidation, as well as a reduction in antioxidant enzymes - catalase, superoxid dismutase (SOD) and gluthatione peroxidase (GPx) - is a consequence of the evolution in HIV-infected patients. Higher levels of antioxidant activity are necessary to maintain the immunological system cells redox balance and preserve their function. In an antioxidant depleted state, there is a reduction in the immunological response and an increase in HIV replication. The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the clinical evolution of these patients. However, some patients remain showing higher OS and other effects of HAART, such as changes in lipidic and muscle metabolism. Exercise training has been used as a non pharmacological treatment in HIV-infected patients to promote improvements in anthropometrics, aerobic, muscle and psychological outcomes; however, there are insufficient data about the effects of exercise training in OS. This review analyzes the topics related to the oxidative stress in HIV-infected patients and the possible benefits of the physical exercise in the antioxidant capacity. Physical training is a complementary procedure for the patients, with or without use of the HAART, since it improves the cardiorespiratory, muscle, anthropometrics and psychological performance without inducing immunodepression. In relation to oxidative stress, it is inferred, from the data obtained in non-HIV individuals, that the physical training could promote adaptations that minimize the deleterious effect induced by OS through improvements in the activity of the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses.

Lumbar hyperlordosis in children and adolescents at a privative school in southern Brazil: occurrence and associated factors

Posture assessment during childhood and adolescence allows early detection of postural disorders and adoption of preventive measures. This study evaluated the occurrence of lumbar hyperlordosis and associated factors in 467 children and adolescents aged 10 to 16 years at a school in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Lumbar hyperlordosis was defined as increased lumbar curvature evaluated by photography. Prevalence of lumbar hyperlordosis was 78%. Factors positively associated with lumbar hyperlordosis were female gender (PR = 1.08; 95%CI: 1.03; 1.13), abdominal strength below the 20th percentile (PR = 1.10; 95%CI: 1.05; 1.15), and flexibility below the 20th percentile (PR = 1.07; 95%CI: 1.01; 1.12). Lumbar hyperlordois was negatively associated with lumbar mobility (PR = 0.90; 95%CI: 0.85; 0.96) and height (PR = 0.995; 95%CI: 0.99; 0.999). Effective strategies to improve physical fitness in schoolchildren are necessary, because low abdominal strength and low flexibility were associated with lumbar hyperlordosis.

Comparison of three criteria for overweight and obesity classification in brazilian adolescents

ObjectiveTo describe and compare the nutritional status of adolescents using three criteria for nutritional status classification (Conde & Monteiro, International Obesity Task Force - IOTF and Word Health Organization - WHO), to analyze the correlation between these three criteria as for the overweight proportion, and to investigate whether factors associated with overweight and obesity differ among the three criteria.MethodsDemographic (gender, age, geographic area) and anthropometric (body weight, height) variables were measured in 33.728 adolescents aged 11 to 17 years. The following criteria were investigated: IOTF (2000); Conde & Monteiro (2006); and WHO (2007).ResultsThe overall overweight prevalence was 20.6% for the Conde & Monteiro criteria; 15.3% for the IOTF criteria and 20.1% for the WHO criteria. Both for boys and girls, the estimated overweight prevalence using the Conde & Monteiro and WHO criteria were higher than that using the IOTF criteria. Higher concordance was found between the Conde & Monteiro (2006) and WHO (2007) criteria for all age groups. Regarding associated factors, similar associations were found for the three criteria for higher BMI classification: being male, 11–12 and 13–14 years of age and living in the Midwestern, Southeastern and Southern regions of Brazil.ConclusionThe criteria for BMI classification estimate overweight prevalence in a different way, and the criteria proposed by Conde & Monteiro resulted in higher prevalence in both sexes. Higher concordance between the Conde & Monteiro and WHO criteria was found for all age groups. The groups most vulnerable to showing overweight and obesity for the three criteria for BMI classification were males, age 11–12 and 13–14 years, and living in the Midwestern, Southeastern and Southern regions of Brazil. Overweight and obesity are considered a public health problem prevalent among adolescents in Brazil, regardless of the criteria adopted.

Pontos de corte para a aptidão cardiorrespiratória e a triagem de fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares na infância

The main objective of the study was to analyze and propose news cardiorespiratory fitness cut offs points for 7 to 12-year old school students. The sample was composed of 1,413 students. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by the 9-minutes walking/running test. Total cholesterol and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured and with their results cardiovascular risk factors reference were designed. The Receiver Operating Characteristic curve between cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular risk factors reference identified the cut offs point values. The bivariate analysis and odds ratio (OR) calculation was used to identify to what extent the individuals that did not reach the proposed cut offs points could show cardiovascular risk factors. The results showed that the cut offs points suggested in this study presented the best balance between sensibility and specificity. The bivariate analysis results showed increased chance of cardiovascular risk for the individuals that did not reach the cut offs points compared to those individuals who did.

Waist circumference as screening instrument for cardiovascular disease risk factors in schoolchildren

OBJECTIVE To propose cutoff points for waist circumference of schoolchildren for the identification of cardiovascular disease risk factors. METHODS This school-based cross-sectional study surveyed 1,413 schoolchildren aged 7 to 12 years old, selected by random cluster sampling. Waist circumference, total cholesterol and systolic and diastolic pressures were measured. Reference values for cardiovascular disease risk factors were developed from measures of total cholesterol and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and bivariate analysis, followed by calculation of sensitivity, specificity and odds ratio, were used in data analysis. RESULTS The cutoff points had area values under the ROC curve ranging between 0.603 and 0.949, while sensitivity and specificity ranged between 0.500 and 1.00. Among all proposals analyzed, the one presented by this study best balanced sensitivity and specificity values. Bivariate analysis followed by odds ratios calculation indicated that subjects with waist circumference above the proposed cutoff points have increased chances of presenting cardiovascular disease risk factors. CONCLUSIONS The cutoff points proposed in the present study seem to be a valid alternative and better balance sensibility and specificity than other proposals for screening students with increased chances of presenting cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Body mass index to the cardiovascular disease risk screening in infancy

OBJECTIVE To purpose news body mass index (BMI) cut offs to 7 to 12 years old scholars. SUBJECTS AND METHODS 1.413 scholars of 7 to 12 years old selected of aleatory way. Were measured the BMI, total cholesterol (TC), and systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). To the date analyze were used the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) and the bivariate analyze. RESULTS The BMI cut offs proposed at this study show adequate capacity to identify true positive and negative to the cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk factors presence. Besides, these cut offs show higher and more balanced sensibility and specificity values than other cut offs proposals. CONCLUSIONS The BMI proposed at this study configure with as the more adequate alternative to the screening for the scholars with increased chances to carry DCV risk factors.