Agim Mamuti

An Essay on Economic Values of Akhism

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the Akhism with the special reference to its economic aspects. Akhism was effectively functioning from the end of the Seljuk to the late Ottoman period. Akhism, with some modifications, played an important role in the establishment of an effective economic and social structure, by bringing together socio-economic factors such as ethics, production and trade. Then, Akhism succeeded in creating an effective and reliable network of relationships between citizen and state, rich and poor, producer and consumer and labor and capital. Akhism also established the working and corporate principles based on morality and social justice. Akhiis is an Arabic word which is defined as a “brother�? (Akca, 2004, 356). In another source it is stated that this word is derived from Akı which means in Turkish language bravery, heroism and generosity (Bayram, 1991, 131). The brotherhood culture prevalent in Akhism has also been effective in the formation of social order and spreading of tolerance and understanding in the society. Akhism institution and tradition has been influential in economical, financial, social and cultural aspects of life. In the past and even today it has been dominant in organizing craftsmen and artists and in integrating them in a definite system and order.

Statistical Analysis of Macedonian Government Expenditures for the Period 2006 – 2013

The main purpose of the present study is to develop a statistical analysis of the government expenditure for Macedonia during the period January 2006- September 2013 The source of the official data is the Macedonian Institute of Statistics. The Kolmogorov’s Central Limit Theorem, “fair game�? concept in the sense of Stein-Vorobiev, Kolmogorov- Smirnov- Lilliefors test and Shapiro- Wilk test are applied. The government expenditure is estimated based on current price or as a percentage of GDP. The official data of quarterly government expenditure for Macedonia during the period January 2006- September 2013 contradicts the CLT at the confidence level 95%. The official data of quarterly government expenditure expressed as a fraction of GDP for Macedonia during the period January 2006-September 2013 satisfies CLT at the confidence level 95%. The government expenditure process in Macedonia during the period January 2006-September 2013 is an unfair game at the confidence level 95%. The government expenditure as a fraction of GDP in Macedonia during the period January 2006-September 2013 is a fair game at the confidence level 95%. The official data of quarterly GDP for Macedonia during the period January 2006-September 2013 satisfies CLT at the confidence level 95%. The quarterly GDP in Macedonia during the period January 2006-September 2013 is an unfair game at the confidence level 95%.