Agnieszka Szypowska

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion vs. multiple daily injections in children with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized control trials

Objective:  To investigate potential effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) compared with multiple daily injections (MDI) on glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

Application of novel dual wave meal bolus and its impact on glycated hemoglobin A1c level in children with type 1 diabetes

Background: An insulin pump is an advanced technology offering new options of bolus – normal (N), dual wave (D‐W) or square wave (S‐W) bolus to deliver mealtime insulin.

Frequency and Activation of CD4+CD25high FoxP3+ Regulatory T Cells in Peripheral Blood from Children with Atopic Allergy

Background: Atopic allergy is among the immune tolerance-related disorders resulting from a failure of the regulatory network. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a leading role in the development of homeostasis in the immune system. The aim of this study was to determine the role of Tregs in the pathogenesis of atopic diseases in children by exploring the relationship between Treg frequency, activation markers and the clinical manifestations of the disease. Methods: Twenty allergic and 50 healthy children were enrolled to the study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stained with monoclonal antibodies (anti-CD25-CD4-CD127-FoxP3-CD69-CD71) and evaluated using flow cytometry. Tregs were identified as CD4+CD25+/highFoxP3+CD127- T cells. Results: The percentage of Tregs in allergic patients (2.3%) was significantly decreased in comparison to healthy controls (4.6%, p = 0.003). The frequency of Tregs in patients with symptoms of atopic dermatitis and/or food allergy (1.7%) was significantly lower than in patients without these symptoms (2.9%, p = 0.04). A significant correlation between the percentage of Tregs and the sIgE serum concentration was observed (p = 0.037). Relative fluorescence intensities of FoxP3 expression in allergic patients were higher than in healthy controls (p = 0.00004). The frequency of CD4+CD25highCD127-CD71+ cells did not differ between the groups. Conclusions: Tregs display substantial deficiencies in atopic children, especially in children with multiorgan involvement, compared to patients with single organ manifestations. Additionally, there is an association between Tregs and the sIgE serum concentration. Better identification and characterization of Tregs in allergy is needed as they limit responses to foreign antigens, thereby minimizing T cell-mediated immunopathology in allergic diseases.

The risk factors of ketoacidosis in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus

Szypowska A, Skórka A. The risk factors of ketoacidosis in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Beneficial effect of real-time continuous glucose monitoring system on glycemic control in type 1 diabetic patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.

OBJECTIVE Real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM) provides detailed information on glucose patterns and trends, thus allowing the patients to manage their diabetes more effectively. DESIGN The aim of this study was to explore the potential beneficial effects of the use of RT-CGM on diabetes management compared with self blood glucose measurement (SBGM) in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), by means of a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched through by two independent investigators for RCTs concerning the use of RT-CGM in patients with T1DM. Only studies with a similar insulin regimen in the experimental and control groups were included in the analysis. RESULTS Seven RCTs (n=948) met the inclusion criteria. Combined data from all studies showed better HbA1c reduction in subjects using RT-CGM compared with those using SBGM (mean difference (MD) -0.25; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): from -0.34 to -0.17; P<0.001). Patients treated with insulin pump and RT-CGM had a lower HbA1c level compared with subjects managed with insulin pump and SBGM (four RCTs, n=497; MD -0.26; 95% CI: from -0.43 to -0.10; P=0.002). The benefits of applying RT-CGM were not associated with an increasing rate of major hypoglycemic episodes. The use of RT-CGM for over 60-70% of time was associated with a significant lowering of HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS RT-CGM is more beneficial than SBGM in reducing HbA1c in patients with type 1 diabetes. Further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of this system in the pediatric population, especially in very young children.

Basal insulin and total daily insulin dose in children with type 1 diabetes using insulin pumps

Objective:  To assess the contribution of basal insulin to the total daily dose (CBITDD) and to identify the determinant factors in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

The effect of using the insulin pump bolus calculator compared to standard insulin dosage calculations in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus - systematic review.

Modern insulin pumps use bolus calculators to determine the appropriate insulin dose to facilitate achievement of glycaemic targets.To summarize the data on insulin pump bolus calculators compared to standard insulin dosage calculations and the impact on glycaemic profile.The MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases were searched until October 2012 for related randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies performed in type 1 diabetes. A meta-analysis of RCTs was conducted.We included 6 trials comprising 354 subjects. Combined data of 2 RCTs showed significantly smaller number of correction boluses in the experimental group (MD - 2.31; 95% CI: - 3.59 to - 1.03; p=0.0004) and a trend toward fewer hypoglycaemic episodes per week (MD - 0.47; from - 0.95 to 0.02; 95% CI; p=0.06) in the experimental group compared to control subjects. Other authors reported significant reduction in daily post-prandial blood glucose values in the experimental group compared to controls. The authors observed only one adverse event. More frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose in the experimental group was reported in 3 trials. There were no differences in HbA1c within the groups. Patients were satisfied with the treatment with bolus calculator, according to the treatment satisfaction scale.Insulin pump bolus calculators are effective and safe in prandial insulin calculation with a positive impact on glucose profile.

Insulin pump therapy in children with type 1 diabetes: analysis of data from the SWEET registry

Intensified insulin delivery using multiple daily injections (MDI) or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) is recommended in children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) to achieve good metabolic control.

A pediatric diabetes toolbox for creating centres of reference

ISPAD guidelines recommend age appropriate diabetes education concepts for young patients and their families as well as tools for nutritional management, psychosocial assessment, and psychological advice but their implementation in Europe is presently unknown.

Bolus calculator and wirelessly communicated blood glucose measurement effectively reduce hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetic children – randomized controlled trial†

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of bolus calculator function and wireless communication between insulin pump and blood glucose metre on metabolic control in children with type 1 diabetes, treated with insulin pumps.