Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka

Impact of Seed Dressings on Microbiological Activity of Soil Under Winter Triticale Cultivation

Impact of Seed Dressings on Microbiological Activity of Soil Under Winter Triticale Cultivation The aim of the presented investigations was to examine changes in the intensity of dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase activities as well as of the dynamics of selected groups of microorganisms in the soil under the cultivation of winter triticale following the application of the following seed dressings: (a.s.) flutriafol 2.5% + fludioxonil 2.5% in two doses and (a.s.) carboxin and tiuram. The experiment had a field character. The number of microorganisms (total bacteria, fungi, oligotrophic, copiotrophic and Azotobacter) was determined by the plate method on adequate agar substrates. Activity levels of the selected enzymes were defined using the spectrometrical method. The obtained results indicate a change in the dehydrogenase and phoshatase activity in soil depending on the seed dressing applied in the experiment as well as at the date of investigations. The number of microorganisms in the soil underwent fluctuations depending on the developmental stage of triticale and the applied fungicide. The performed experiment demonstrated that counts of microorganisms in the soil underwent fluctuations depending on the developmental stage of triticale and the applied fungicide. Wpływ Zapraw Nasiennych Na Aktywność Mikrobiologiczną Gleby Pod Uprawy Pszenżyta Ozimego Celem badań było zarówno określenie zmian aktywności dehydrogenaz i fosfatazy kwaśnej, jak i zmian liczebności wybranych grup mikroorganizmów w glebie pod uprawą pszenżyta ozimego po zastosowaniu wybranych zapraw nasiennych, których substancją aktywną (s.a.) były:1.s.a flutriafol 2,5% + fludioksonil 2,5% w dwóch dawkach i 2. s.a. karboksyna i tiuram. Doświadczenie miało charakter polowy. Liczebność mikroorganizmów (ogólna ilość bakterie, grzyby, bakterie oligotroficzne i kopitroficzne oraz Azotobacter) oznaczano metodą płytkową na odpowiednim podłożu agarowym. Poziom aktywności wybranych enzymów został oznaczone metodą spektrofotometryczną. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na zmiany w aktywności dehydrogenaz i fosfatazy kwaśnej w glebie w zależności od zastosowanych zapraw nasiennych. Liczebność mikroorganizmów w glebie była również zależna od stadium rozwoju pszenżyta i stosowanej zaprawy nasiennej.

Visible Tobacco Leaf Injury Indices as Indicators of Cumulative Tropospheric Ozone Effect

Abstract Tropospheric ozone is one of the most reactive air pollutants, which causes visible injuries, as well as biomass and yield losses. The negative effect of ozone is cumulative during the growing season; hence crops are the most sensitive plants. Visible symptoms and biomass losses can cause economic losses. Tobacco plants have been recognized as one of the best bioindicators, but data on the cumulative effect of ozone on this species are limited. Results of an experiment with ozone-sensitive tobacco plants grown on sites varying in ozone concentration are presented in this paper. Two indices were used for data presentation of visible leaf injury degree. Higher solar radiation was the main cause of higher ozone concentration at the rural site. Higher tropospheric ozone concentrations were noted in 2010 in comparison to 2011, which was reflected in visible leaf injury. Canonical variate analysis did not reveal highly significant differences between sites, however, differences were observed in certain investigation periods. Moreover, higher leaf injury was noted at the rural site at the end of the experiment in both experimental years. This indicates the cumulative effect of ozone during the growing season. However, higher injury variability was noted at the urban site, even though lower ozone concentrations were noted there. Lower variability of injury at the rural site might suggest lack of influence of particulate matter and occurrence of higher injury even though lower ozone concentrations occurred. Better detection of ozone injury was shown by the first index based on three mean values.

Utilization of vegetable dumplings waste from industrial production by anaerobic digestion.

Abstract This paper provides the analysis of results of biogas and methane yield for vegetable dumplings waste: dough with fat, vegetable waste, and sludge from the clarifier. Anaerobic digestion of food waste used in the experiments was stable after combining the substrates with a digested pulp composed of maize silage and liquid manure (as inoculum), at suitable ratios. The study was carried out in a laboratory scale using anaerobic batch reactors, at controlled (mesophilic) temperature and pH conditions. The authors present the chemical reactions accompanying biodegradation of the substrates and indicate the chemical compounds which may lead to acidification during the anaerobic digestion. An anaerobic digestion process carried out with the use of a dough-and-fat mixture provided the highest biogas and methane yields. The following yields were obtained in terms of fresh matter: 242.89 m3 Mg−1 for methane and 384.38 m3 Mg−1 for biogas, and in terms of volatile solids: 450.73 m3 Mg−1 for methane and 742.40 m3 Mg−1 for biogas. Vegetables and sludge from the clarifier (as fresh matter) provided much lower yields.

An assessment of adaptive and antagonistic properties of Trichoderma sp. strains in vegetable waste composts

Abstract The experiment consisted in monitoring the count of moulds and three selected Trichoderma sp. isolates (T1 - Trichoderma atroviride, T2 - Trichoderma harzianum, T3 - Trichoderma harzianum) in vegetable (onion and tomato) waste composted with additives (straw, pig manure). Additionally, the aim of the study was to determine the type of interaction occurring between autochthonous fungi isolated from composts after the end of the thermophilic phase and Trichoderma sp. strains applied in the experiment. Number of microorganisms was determined by the plate method, next the identification was confirmed. The rating scale developed by Mańka was used to determine the type of interactions occurring between microorganisms. The greatest count of moulds in onion waste composts was noted in the object which had simultaneously been inoculated with two strains T1 - T. atroviride and T3 - T. harzianum. The greatest count of moulds was noted in the tomato waste composts inoculated with T2 - T. harzianum strain. Microscope identification revealed that Penicillum sp., Rhizopus sp., Alternaria sp. and Mucor sp. strains were predominant in onion waste composts. In tomato waste composts Penicillium was the predominant genus, followed by Rhizopus. The test of antagonism revealed the inhibitory effect of Trichoderma isolates on most autochthonous strains of moulds. Tomato waste composts proved to be better substrates for the growth and development of Trichoderma sp. isolates. The results of the study show that vegetable waste can be used in agriculture as carriers of antagonistic microorganisms.

Evaluation of the fertilizer value of digestate pulp from biogas plant and its composts

Streszczenie. Artykuł niniejszy stanowi kontynuację pracy tych samych autorów (Pilarska i in., 2015), w której przedstawiono charakterystykę składu chemicznego oraz aktywności enzymatycznej różnych pofermentów uzyskanych w wyniku fermentacji metanowej gnojowicy z różnymi dodatkami organicznymi i kompostów z tych pofermentów. Drugi etap doświadczenia, którego wyniki przedstawiono w obecnej publikacji, polegał na aplikacji uzyskanych materiałów oraz ocenie ich wartości nawozowej. W tym celu wiosną 2012 roku założono doświadczenie wazonowe, w którym wykorzystano jałową glebę pobraną z gruntów rolnych znajdujących się na terenie Wielkopolski. Wartość nawozową badanych materiałów organicznych oceniano na podstawie ich wpływu na właściwości gleb oraz plony suchej masy tymotki łąkowej (Phleum pratense L.). W wykonanym doświadczeniu wykazano korzystny wpływ stosowania przefermentowanych i kompostowanych odpadów na badane parametry gleb. Oddziaływanie użytych materiałów na

The influence of a microbial inoculum on the enzymatic activity of peat and morphological features of the French marigold

The objective of the study was to determine the dynamics of the enzymatic activity in a substrate containing a microbiological inoculum (Effective Microorganisms – EM) intended to improve French marigold growth and flowering. The material used in the study was peat substrate of 5.5–6.0 pH into which plants were planted and then inoculated with different doses of the EM biofertilizer (1 : 10, 1 : 50, 1 : 100). Samples of the substrate on which experimental plants were cultivated were collected during the following three phases: the phase of seedling planting, the phase of vegetative growth and the phase of flowering. The scope of investigations comprised determination of the activity of dehydrogenases, urease and acid phosphatase activity by the spectrophotometric method. In addition, the following plant morphological analyses were performed: plant height, shoot number and length, number of buds and inflorescences, and leaf greenness index (SPAD). It was found that the phase of plant development was proved to be the main determinant of the activity of the enzymes under study. The EM biofertilizer had positive

Assessment of the influence of composts on microbiological and biochemical parameters of substrates and the morphological traits of scarlet sage / Ocena wpływu kompostów na parametry mikrobiologiczne i biochemiczne podłoży oraz cechy morfologiczne szałwii błysz czącej

Abstract The aim of the research was to assess the microbiological (number of heterotrophic bacteria, actinobacteria and moulds) and biochemical (urease and acid phosphatase activity) state of peat with the admixture of composts produced from sewage sludge. An additional aim of the research was to demonstrate the influence of those substrates on the morphological traits of scarlet sage (height, number and length of shoots, number of buds and inflorescences, greenness index (SPAD)). Composts produced from sewage sludge, wheat, maize and lupine straw were mixed with peat, where their percentage varied from 25% to 75%. The substrate which included the composts applied in the experiment had a higher number of heterotrophic bacteria and a higher acid phosphatase activity level than the control substrate (peat). The multiplication of moulds and actinobacteria was more intensive than in the peat only in the combinations with K3 (sewage sludge 50%+sawdust 20%+ lupine straw 30%) and K4 (sewage sludge 50%+sawdust 20%+fresh maize straw 30%) composts, whereas the highest urease activity level was observed in the soils produced from K1 (sewage sludge 50%+sawdust 20%+white straw 30%) compost. The most optimal development of plants was observed in the substrate with compost produced from wheat straw. Composts produced from municipal sewage sludge were found to be suitable for growing scarlet sage. However, their effect depends on the percentage of high peat in the substrate. Streszczenie Celem badań była ocena stanu mikrobiologicznego (liczba bakterii heterotrofi cznych, promieniowców, pleśni) i biochemicznego (aktywność ureazy i fosfatazy kwaśnej) torfu z domieszką kompostów wytworzonych na bazie osadu ściekowego. Ponadto celem badań było wykazanie wpływu niniejszych podłoży na cechy morfologiczne szałwii błyszczącej (wysokość, liczba i długości pędów, liczba pąków i kwiatostanów, indeks zazielenienia (SPAD)). Komposty wyprodukowane z osadu ściekowego, słomy pszennej, kukurydzianej i łubinowej zmieszano z torfem w różnym udziale procentowym, od 25% do 75%. Podłoża zawierające w swoim składzie komposty charakteryzowały się wyższą niż podłoże kontrolne (torf) liczbą bakterii heterotroficznych oraz wyższą aktywnością fosfatazy kwaśnej. Silniejsze namnażanie grzybów pleśniowych oraz promieniowców w stosunku do kombinacji kontrolnej odnotowano jedynie w przypadku w kombinacji K3 (50% osadu ściekowego + 20% trociny + 30% słomy łubinowej) i K4 (50% osadu ściekowego + 20% trociny + 30% świeżej słomy kukurydzianej). Natomiast najwyższy poziom aktywności ureazy zaobserwowano w obiekcie K1 (50% osadu ściekowego + 20% trociny + 30% słomy pszennej). Najbardziej optymalny rozwój roślin zaobserwowano na podłożach wyprodukowanych na bazie kompostu z dodatkiem słomy pszennej. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, że komposty wyprodukowane z komunalnych osadów ściekowych mogą być stosowane w uprawie szałwii błyszczącej. Ich działanie zależy od procentowego udziału kompostów w podłożu.