Agus Priyono Kartono

Plant functional types and traits as biodiversity indicators for tropical forests: two biogeographically separated case studies including birds, mammals and termites

Multi-taxon surveys were conducted in species-rich, lowland palaeotropical and neotropical forested landscapes in Sumatra, Indonesia and Mato Grosso, Brazil. Gradient-directed transects (gradsects) were sampled across a range of forested land use mosaics, using a uniform protocol to simultaneously record vegetation (vascular plant species, plant functional types (PFTs) and vegetation structure), vertebrates (birds, mammals) and invertebrates (termites), in addition to measuring site and soil properties, including carbon stocks. At both sites similar correlations were detected between major components of structure (mean canopy height, woody basal area and litter depth) and the diversities of plant species and PFTs. A plant species to PFT ratio [spp.:PFTs] was the best overall predictor of animal diversity, especially termite species richness in Sumatra. To a notable extent vegetation structure also correlated with animal diversity. These surrogates demonstrate generic links between habitat structural elements, carbon stocks and biodiversity. They may also offer practical low-cost indicators for rapid assessment in tropical forest landscapes.

Modified minimal model for effect of physical exercise on insulin sensitivity and glucose effectiveness in type 2 diabetes and healthy human

The Bergman’s minimal model of glucose and insulin plasma levels is commonly used to analyse the results of glucose tolerance tests in humans. In this paper, we present the modified minimal model with plasma insulin compartment under the assumption that if the plasma glucose compartment drops below the basal glucose levels, the rate of insulin entering the plasma glucose compartment is zero. Insulin is cleared from the plasma insulin compartment at a rate proportional to the amount of insulin in the plasma insulin compartment. The modified minimal model was used to study the effect of physical exercise via parameters of a mathematical model to qualitative the magnitude of changes in insulin sensitivity (SI) and glucose effectiveness (SG) in response to exercise in type 2 diabetes and healthy human. The short-term effects of physical exercise in type 2 diabetes did not improve SG, but markedly improved the low SI values found in type 2 diabetes, indicating that the effects of exercise on SI are quantitatively important in the interpretation of training-related SI changes and may even be therapeutically useful in type 2 diabetes patients. Physical exercise is indicated either to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes or to assure a good control of type 2 diabetes by increasing insulin sensitivity.

HABITAT PREFERENSIAL TARSIUS BELITUNG (Cephalopachus bancanus saltator Elliot, 1910)

Belitung tarsier (Cephalopachus bancanus saltator) is an endemic species in Belitung Island from Cephalopachus genus. Existence of belitung tarsier in its habitat is now under threatened by deforestatition. Due to lack information about its habitat and as conservation effort, this research was tackled to reveal the characteristic of habitat preference of belitung tarsier. The aim of this study are to identify characteristic of habitat preference of belitung tarsier. This research was conducted in March until May 2016 at around Mount Tajam Protected Forest and plantation area. Presence of tarsiers were identified by direct observation, urine odor detection, identifying based tarsier habitat suitability and the local information. Chi-square and Neu methode was used to analyze the variable of habitat preference of belitung tarsiers. This research found that characteristics of habitat preference of belitung tarsier consisted of its homerange was prefer to dry land agricultural and shurb land cover type, not too tight canopy cover (Leaf Area Index /LAI value of 0,83-2,46), close to the edge of forest (0 -874 m), roads (0 – 3 . 698 m) and settlements (0-403 m) , elevation range was between 1 -142 m asl, slope slightly (0-15%), temperature 24-25 0 C and high rainfall (3.222 – 3.229 mm/year). Characteristic of habitat preference information could be considered to develop conservation action of belitung tarsier. Keywords: belitung tarsiers, habitat, habitat preference, tarsier

STATUS POPULASI DAN KONSERVASI BEKANTAN (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb. 1787) DI HABITAT RAWA GELAM, KALIMANTAN SELATAN

ABSTRACT A study on population of proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb.) was conducted in the area of riparian ecosystem of Rawa Gelam, Tapin District, South Kalimantan duringthe period of February-March 2014. The purpose of this study was to determine the condition and the structure of the proboscis monkey population living outside the forest area. Rawa Gelam ecosystem is a cultivation area located on riverbanks of the Puting river. The remaining vegetation at Rawa Gelam contains only a maximum of 200 meters in width, and behind it there were paddy fields and palm oil plantations. The population of proboscis monkeys was counted using Total Count Sampling method. Result of this study showed that the population of proboscis monkeys in Rawa Gelam consisted of nine groups, with the total number of individuals was 192. The population density was 28.34 individuals/km2 with a group density of 1.34 groups/km2. In addition to this species, Rawa Gelam habitat was also inhabited by two other primate species. Seven groups of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and five groups of langurs (Trachyphitecus auratus) were recorded from this area, with the number of individuals of 47 and 76, respectively. The main threat of proboscis monkeys conservation in Rawa Gelam was habitat destruction and change of habitat function. Proboscis monkeys can be saved from the local extinction through habitat restoration needs to be done by applying agroforestry system and developing integrated ecotourism development. Keywords: Conservation, Nasalis larvatus, proboscis monkey, population, Rawa Gelam. ABSTRAK Penelitian populasi bekantan dilakukan di kawasan ekosistem riparian Rawa Gelam, Kabupaten Tapin, Kalimantan Selatan pada bulan Februari-Maret 2014. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kondisi populasi dan struktur kelompok bekantan yang hidup di luar kawasan hutan. Kawasan ekosistem Rawa Gelam merupakan lahan budidaya yang terletak di kanan-kiri Sungai Puting. Vegetasi Rawa Gelam yang tersisa hanya selebar maksimal 200 meter dan di belakangnya terdapat persawahan dan kebun kelapa sawit. Penghitungan populasi bekantan dilakukan dengan metode Total Count Sampling. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diketahui populasi bekantan di Rawa Gelam sebanyak sembilan kelompok bekantan, dengan jumlah 192 individu. Kepadatan populasi bekantan di kawasan ekosistem Rawa Gelam adalah 28,34 individu/km2 dengan kepadatan kelompok 1,34 kelompok/km2. Selain bekantan, kawasan Rawa Gelam juga dihuni oleh dua jenis primata lainnya, yaitu Monyet Ekor Panjang (Macaca fascicularis) dan Lutung Hitam (Trachyphitecus auratus). Tercatat ada lima kelompok Lutung Hitam dengan jumlah 47 individu dan tujuh kelompok monyet ekor panjang dengan jumlah 76 individu. Ancaman utama konservasi bekantan di Rawa Gelam adalah perusakan habitat dan perubahan fungsi kawasan. Untuk menyelamatkan bekantan dari kepunahan lokal, perlu dilakukan restorasi habitat dengan menerapkan pola agroforestridan pengembangan ekowisata terpadu. Kata kunci: Konservasi, Nasalis larvatus, bekantan, populasi, Rawa Gelam.

Habitat Suitability Index (HIS) of Surili (Presbytis comata Desmarest, 1822) in mixed forest of Kuningan District, West Java-Indonesia

Java has been experiencing deforestation due to high population pressure. A lot of natural forests which play an important role as wildlife habitat are loss. The remaining natural forest distribute in mountainous areas in the form natural conservation area, meanwhile the others have been converted into settlement andinfrastructure, food crops, cash crops plantation, estate and private forest plantation. Javan langur (Presbytiscomata) is an endemic species of Java and used to utilize natural forest as their habitat. However, in a recent observation the species isfound inside plantation forest in Kuningan district, West Java. This is a unique finding, due to the fact that a plantation forest is not suitable habitat for Javan langur. The research is aimed to develop Habitat Suitability for this species based on physical, biological and human disturbance factors. Data on Javan langur presence and its habitat component were derived from field observation and secondary data/map. Result showed HSI could be developed based on 4 PC and showed that the study area mostly is occupied by low HIS Index or not suitable area for surili.

ETNOBOTANI DAN KONSERVASI KETIMUNAN/Timonius timon (Spreng.) Merr. PADA MASYARAKAT LOKAL SUKU KANUME DI TAMAN NASIONAL WASUR PAPUA

Forest land clearing withoutt appropriate method for oil palm plantations can reduce the diversity of wildlife in that area. To decrease these impacts, data of wildlife diversity and the distribution needs to be known, so that it can be determined which area can be opened or must be maintained. The research was to determine the diversity and conservation status in PT. Riau Sawitindo Abadi (PT. RSA). The Research was conducted in April 2015. Data was collected by interview, literatur studies and field observation (direct and indirect observation). The results showed that the RSA is a habitat for 78 wildlife species which consists of 52 species of birds (13 species protected), 16 species of mammals (13 species protected) and 10 species of reptiles (5 species protected). Forest area of PT. RSA has an important role as the habitat as well as a corridor for these animals. Keywords: biodiversity, conservation status, habitat, land clearing, wildlifeRecently a comprehensive source of data and information on carbon storage in various types of forest ecosystems and other land use in Java Island are still limited. This study was carried out in a conservation area of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS) that represents the ecosystem types of lowland rain forest, sub-montane forests and mountain forests in Java. The information on carbon sequestration and carbon stocks at TNBTS becomes important. The main objective of this study was to estimate biomass and carbon storage in various types of forests in TNBTS using allometric approaches. The additional objectives were to estimate carbon storage on various land cover and to estimate the changes in carbon storage by land cover changes during the period 1990, 2000 and 2013. The measurement of forest carbon include aboveground, understorey, necromass and litter pools covering all ecosystem such as primary forest, secondary forest with high- and low- canopy density. This study found that the average of carbon stocks in primary forest were 193,49 ± 125,98 tonC/ha, and were 267,42 ± 119,25 tonC/ha in secondary forest. The total carbon stocks in the period 1990–2000 has decreased about 22.6 tonC/ha/year and in the period 2000–2013 has increased about 41.2 tonC/ha/year. The enhancement of carbon stocks in this area was driven by an intensive forest protection, good monitoring and land rehabilitation. Keywords: biomass, carbon storage, carbon stock, land cover , national park

Pendugaan model pertumbuhan dan penyebaran spasial populasi rusa timor (Cervus timorensis de Blainville, 1822) di Taman Nasional Alas Purwo Jawa Timur

This study was carried out to gain data on animal species and their subtances/derivatives believed had medicinal properties that were utilized and traded by local people around Betung Kerihun National Park (BKNP). The study was conducted at the 12 villages around area of BKNP. Snowball method was used to determine respondents. There were 32 respondens interviewed. The data obtained was analysed by using descriptive quantitatively method. The study showed that there were 39 animal species and 19 animal substances/derivatives that utilized as medicinal purposes by local people around BKNP. There were also 9 animal species and 4 animal subtances/derivatives traded by those peoples. Local peopl’s perspectives on animal utilization had been changed from nature to economic orientation. Law enforcement, giving conservation education, involving local peoples on biodiversity conservation management, and introducing captive breeding program to local communities are needed to raise the understanding and awareness of the importance of habitat and animal species conservation in BKNP. Key word: Medicinal Animal, subtances/derivatives, medicinal purposes, utilization, trade, conservation.

PENENTUAN KUOTA BURU DAN INTRODUKSI POPULASI RUSA SAMBAR UNTUK MENJAMIN PERBURUAN LESTARI (Determining Hunting Quota and Population Introduced for Sustainable Hunting of Sambar Deer)

Hunting quota is the number of animals of hunting species destined to harvesting from the hunting population in the current year. Setting hunting quota is designed to ensure sustainable use of hunting game and conservation of ecosystem diversity. In the case that population of hunting species within hunting area is absence or not enough to ensure hunting activity, a number of animals must be introduced. The study showed that maximum sustained yield for hunting in the Masigit-Kareumbi Hunting Park was 674 individuals. Based on this quota, the individual number of animal should be introduced to hunting area as width as 12540,73 ha was 3.938 individuals that consist of 657 males and 3.281 females. Hunting season is after 5 years of population introduced. Keywords: hunting quota, sambar deer, conservation, maximum sustained yield, introduced population

VARIASI AKTIVITAS HARIAN Hylobates moloch (Audebert, 1798) MENURUT KELAS UMUR DI TN GUNUNG HALIMUN, JAWA BARAT*[Variation in Daily Activites of Hylobates molloch (Audebert, 1778) Due to Age Classification in Gunung Halimun National Park]

The study of daily activity of (Hylobates moloch Audebert 1798) was conducted in Cikaniki. Ciawitali and Pasir Bivak TN Gunung Halimun for two months from June to July 1999.Commontly the daily activity for Jawan Gibbon are resting 39.1%, feeding 30.3%, moving 24.1% and other social activity 6.5% in average.Based on the meaning of activity category, the most for feeding;activity used by subadult (45%), moving for juvenile (33%), resting for infant (82%) and social for juvenile (15.72%).The least social activity was done by subadult category (0.4%). The space area for Jawan Gibbon activity was done at 5-15 meter (23%), 16-25 meter (43%), 26-35 meter (30%) and upper or top canopy at 35 meter from ground (4%).On this study also indicated that this gibbon turn down until to 1.5 meter from ground at lepus (Ammonium pseudopoetens) vegetation.

Mammalian Diversity on Different Habitat Types in Muara Bungo, Jambi

Species of Pinus merkusii Jungh et de Vries of Kerinci is a unique variety, because this species grows naturally in southern Kerinci Mountain. Objectives of this research were to identify growth distribution of P. merkusii Kerinci variety based on field condition and to determine important physically factors for growth of P. merkusii Kerinci variety. This research was conducted in montane rain forest of Bukit Tapan, Kerinci Seblat national park region for two months (April-May 1996). This research used multiply plot sampling with rectangular form (20 m x 20 m) in 24 the research sampling plots. Soil samples were taken from each plot for soil c h d s t i c analysis. Data was analyzed by vegetation analysis, ordination, and multiple regression linear by stepwise procedure to identify most influences physical factors. Research was found 47 trees species classified within 39 genus and 25 family. The 24 permanent plots wen dominated by P. merkusii (IVI = 115.33%). Number of P. merkusii in each permanent plot among 1-13 trees. Range of basal area of pines between 0.66 m2ha and 39.08 m21ha whereas non-pines among 4.06 m2ha and 13.88 m h a . The result of research showed that P. merkusii Kerinci variety grow well in Litosol soil, with sandy clay texture, with proportion of sand : dust : clay are 14 : 5 : 1 or I5 : 4 : 1, 53.21-56.48% of porosity and 1.14-1.24 g/cc of bulk density.