Aidan Shaw

Male breast carcinoma and the use of MRI.

MRI is well established in the diagnosis of female breast cancer, with an important role as a problem-solving tool in the postoperative breast and in implant evaluation. Little in the literature mentions the use of MRI in male breast cancer, with there is no clear role for its use at present. We present an unusual case of bilateral male breast carcinoma and demonstrate a similar enhancement pattern to that described in female breast cancer; we also suggest other potential applications of MRI for the male breast.

FRCR Part 1 Anatomy Mock Examinations: Examination 7: Answers

Coronal CT of the sinuses A Crista galli. B Right infraorbital foramen. C Right inferior turbinate. D Hard palate. E Right infraorbital nerve, artery or vein. ‘Crista galli’ is Latin for ‘crest of the cock’. It is a midline ridge of bone that projects from the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. The falx cerebri attaches here, and the olfactory bulbs lie on either side. The infraorbital foramen transmits the infraorbital nerve, artery and vein, which can be damaged or compressed in orbital blowout fractures. The infraorbital nerve is a branch of the maxillary nerve, which is the second division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V). There are three turbinates; superior, middle and inferior. They function to control the flow of air and ensure that even air humidification and warming takes place over an increased surface area. The osteomeatal complex is a functional entity that includes the middle turbinate, uncinate process, bulla ethmoidalis, hiatus semilunaris and ethmoid infundibulum. It is the common pathway for drainage and ventilation of the frontal, maxillary and ethmoid sinuses. MR angiogram of the neck A Right vertebral artery. B Right common carotid artery. C Right internal thoracic artery. D Left common carotid artery. E Left vertebral artery. The paired vertebral arteries are branches of the first part of the subclavian arteries and course through the transverse foramen of each cervical vertebra from C6 to C1. After C1, the vertebral arteries pass through the suboccipital triangle and enter the foramen magnum.

Examination 1: Answers

Axial CT scan of the brain A Frontal horn of the left lateral ventricle. B Anterior limb of the right internal capsule. C Head of the left caudate nucleus. D Left thalamic nucleus. E Pineal gland. The heads of the caudate nuclei are located in the concavities of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles. The internal capsule lies lateral to the caudate nucleus and is split into anterior and posterior limbs. The anterior limb is located between the caudate nucleus and the globus pallidus of the lentiform nucleus. There are two thalami, which are located lateral to the third ventricle and medially to the posterior limb of the internal capsule. The pineal gland is a midline structure located posterior to the third ventricle and is often calcified. Sagittal T1 MRI scan of the brain A Frontal sinus. B Optic chiasm. C Pons. D Prepontine cistern. E Soft palate. The paired frontal sinuses lie superior to the nose and orbits and are located between the inner and outer tables of the frontal bone. The two optic nerves partially decussate at the optic chiasm in the middle cranial fossa. The brainstem consists of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain. The pons can be recognized on sagittal imaging by its bulging anterior surface, in front of which is the prepontine cistern (one of the subarachnoid basal cisterns, located between the pons and the clivus).