Aime Munro

Spontaneous regression of CIN2 in women aged 18-24 years: A retrospective study of a state-wide population in Western Australia

CIN2 has a high rate of spontaneous regression in young women and may be managed conservatively in appropriately selected patients. This study aimed to investigate health outcomes in women aged 18–24 years with biopsy‐confirmed CIN2.

Comparison of cold knife cone biopsy and loop electrosurgical excision procedure in the management of cervical adenocarcinoma in situ: What is the gold standard?

OBJECTIVE To compare the outcomes of patients with cervical adenocarcinoma in situ (ACIS) treated with cold knife cone (CKC) biopsy or loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) for the treatment of cervical adenocarcinoma in situ (ACIS). STUDY DESIGN This is a retrospective, population-based cohort study of Western Australian patients with ACIS diagnosed between 2001 and 2012. Outcomes included pathological margin status and the incidence of persistent or recurrent endocervical neoplasia (ACIS and adenocarcinoma) during follow-up (<12 months) and surveillance (≥12 months) periods. RESULTS The study group comprised 338 patients including 107 (32%) treated initially by LEEP and 231 (68%) treated by CKC biopsy. The mean age was 33.2 years (range 18 to 76 years) and median follow-up interval was 3.6 years (range <1 year to 11.8 years). Overall, 27 (8.0%) patients had ACIS persistence/recurrence while 9 (2.7%) were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma during the follow-up and surveillance periods. No patient died of cervical cancer within the study period. There were no significant differences in the incidence of persistent and/or recurrent endocervical neoplasia according to the type of excisional procedure. Patients with positive biopsy margins were 3.4 times more likely to have disease persistence or recurrence. CONCLUSION(S) LEEP and CKC biopsy appear equally effective in the treatment of ACIS for women wishing to preserve fertility. Patients undergoing conservative management for ACIS should be closely monitored, particularly if biopsy margins are positive in initial excision specimens. Patients and their clinicians should be aware of the potential risks of residual and recurrent disease.

Prognostic Role of Histological Tumor Regression in Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for High-Grade Serous Tubo-ovarian Carcinoma

Objective Our objective was to validate the prognostic role of the chemotherapy response score (CRS), which has been proposed for measuring tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with high-grade serous tubo-ovarian carcinoma, in predicting progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted of patients with advanced high-grade serous tubo-ovarian carcinoma diagnosed between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2014, and treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Treatment-related tumor regression was determined according to the 3-tier CRS, and results were compared with standard clinicopathological variables. Survival analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazards models and the log-rank test. Results Seventy-one patients were eligible for analysis. Median OS was 25.5 months. Fifty-eight patients (82%) had disease recurrence and 32 (45%) had died at study census. Of the 71 patients, 19, 29, and 23 patients had a CRS of 1, 2, and 3, respectively. On univariate analysis, the CRS significantly predicted PFS (hazard ratio [HR], 3.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.83–7.78; P = 0.000) and OS (HR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.16–6.79; P = 0.022). In a multivariate model, the CRS was significantly associated with PFS (HR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.16–6.79; P = 0.022) but not with OS (HR, 2.39; 95% CI, 0.47–3.08; P = 0.079). Patients with CRS of 1 and 2 combined were twice as likely to progress during the study period compared with patients with a CRS of 3 (HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.06–3.78; P = 0.032; median PFS, 16 vs 26 months). No significant association was observed for OS (CRS 1/2 vs 3; HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 0.68–3.65; P = 0.291). Conclusions In this study, the CRS showed independent prognostic significance for PFS but not for OS.OBJECTIVE Our objective was to validate the prognostic role of the chemotherapy response score (CRS), which has been proposed for measuring tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with high-grade serous tubo-ovarian carcinoma, in predicting progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted of patients with advanced high-grade serous tubo-ovarian carcinoma diagnosed between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2014, and treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Treatment-related tumor regression was determined according to the 3-tier CRS, and results were compared with standard clinicopathological variables. Survival analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazards models and the log-rank test. RESULTS Seventy-one patients were eligible for analysis. Median OS was 25.5 months. Fifty-eight patients (82%) had disease recurrence and 32 (45%) had died at study census. Of the 71 patients, 19, 29, and 23 patients had a CRS of 1, 2, and 3, respectively. On univariate analysis, the CRS significantly predicted PFS (hazard ratio [HR], 3.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.83-7.78; P = 0.000) and OS (HR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.16-6.79; P = 0.022). In a multivariate model, the CRS was significantly associated with PFS (HR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.16-6.79; P = 0.022) but not with OS (HR, 2.39; 95% CI, 0.47-3.08; P = 0.079). Patients with CRS of 1 and 2 combined were twice as likely to progress during the study period compared with patients with a CRS of 3 (HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.06-3.78; P = 0.032; median PFS, 16 vs 26 months). No significant association was observed for OS (CRS 1/2 vs 3; HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 0.68-3.65; P = 0.291). CONCLUSIONS In this study, the CRS showed independent prognostic significance for PFS but not for OS.OBJECTIVE Our objective was to validate the prognostic role of the chemotherapy response score (CRS), which has been proposed for measuring tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with high-grade serous tubo-ovarian carcinoma, in predicting progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted of patients with advanced high-grade serous tubo-ovarian carcinoma diagnosed between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2014, and treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Treatment-related tumor regression was determined according to the 3-tier CRS, and results were compared with standard clinicopathological variables. Survival analysis was performed using Cox proportional hazards models and the log-rank test. RESULTS Seventy-one patients were eligible for analysis. Median OS was 25.5 months. Fifty-eight patients (82%) had disease recurrence and 32 (45%) had died at study census. Of the 71 patients, 19, 29, and 23 patients had a CRS of 1, 2, and 3, respectively. On univariate analysis, the CRS significantly predicted PFS (hazard ratio [HR], 3.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.83-7.78; P = 0.000) and OS (HR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.16-6.79; P = 0.022). In a multivariate model, the CRS was significantly associated with PFS (HR, 2.81; 95% CI, 1.16-6.79; P = 0.022) but not with OS (HR, 2.39; 95% CI, 0.47-3.08; P = 0.079). Patients with CRS of 1 and 2 combined were twice as likely to progress during the study period compared with patients with a CRS of 3 (HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.06-3.78; P = 0.032; median PFS, 16 vs 26 months). No significant association was observed for OS (CRS 1/2 vs 3; HR, 1.57; 95% CI, 0.68-3.65; P = 0.291). CONCLUSIONS In this study, the CRS showed independent prognostic significance for PFS but not for OS.

Risk of persistent and recurrent cervical neoplasia following incidentally detected adenocarcinoma in situ

Background: Adenocarcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix is a precursor to cervical adenocarcinoma and may coexist with both adenocarcinoma and high‐grade squamous dysplasia (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 and 3). Up to 60% of adenocarcinoma in situ lesions are detected incidentally following excisional biopsies performed for the treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3. To date there are no data regarding risk factors for persisting or progressive cervical neoplasia in these patients. Objective: We sought to investigate patient outcomes following incidentally detected cervical adenocarcinoma in situ after loop electrosurgical excision procedure or cold knife cone biopsy performed for the treatment of high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Study Design: We conducted a retrospective, population‐based cohort study of Western Australian patients with an incidental diagnosis of adenocarcinoma in situ from 2001 through 2012. Primary outcomes were persistent or recurrent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3 and or adenocarcinoma in situ, and invasive adenocarcinoma during follow‐up (<12 months) and surveillance (≥12 months) periods. Results: The cohort comprised 298 patients, with 228 (76.5%) treated initially by loop electrosurgical excision procedure and 70 (23.5%) treated by cold knife cone biopsy. The mean age was 31.2 (range 18–68) years and the median length of follow‐up was 2.4 (range 0.3–12.2) years. Overall, 11 (3.7%) patients had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3, 23 (7.7%) had adenocarcinoma in situ, and 3 (1.0%) had adenocarcinoma diagnosed during the follow‐up and surveillance periods. Age >30 years, pure adenocarcinoma in situ lesions, and larger lesions (>8 mm) were associated with a greater risk of disease persistence or recurrence. Conclusion: Following the incidental detection of adenocarcinoma in situ, age >30 years, pure adenocarcinoma in situ lesions, and lesions >8 mm were significantly associated with disease persistence/recurrence. In younger women, incidentally detected adenocarcinoma in situ that coexists with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2/3 and is <8 mm extent with clear margins may not require reexcision.

Risk of high-grade cervical dysplasia and gynaecological malignancies following the cytologic diagnosis of atypical endocervical cells of undetermined significance: a retrospective study of a state-wide screening population in Western Australia.

In 2006, Australia adopted a revised cervical cytology terminology system, known as the Australian Modified Bethesda System (AMBS). One substantial change in the AMBS was the introduction of the diagnostic category of atypical endocervical cells (AEC) of undetermined significance.

Risk of persistent or recurrent cervical neoplasia in patients with ‘pure’ adenocarcinoma‐in‐situ (AIS) or mixed AIS and high‐grade cervical squamous neoplasia (cervical intra‐epithelial neoplasia grades 2 and 3 (CIN 2/3)): a population‐based study

To compare outcomes of patients with pure adenocarcinoma‐in‐situ (AIS) and mixed AIS/CIN 2/3 lesions including the incidence of AIS persistence, recurrence and progression to adenocarcinoma.

Risk of persistent or recurrent neoplasia in conservatively treated women with cervical adenocarcinoma in situ with negative histological margins

Conservative treatments including cold knife cone biopsy (CKC) or loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) are fertility‐preserving alternatives to hysterectomy. The risks of persistent cervical neoplasia in women with negative surgical margins following conservative treatment of adenocarcinoma‐in‐situ (AIS) are uncertain. This study aims to investigate the risk of persistent or recurrent cervical neoplasia [AIS, adenocarcinoma and/or high‐grade cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)] and compliance with follow‐up recommendations in conservatively treated women with AIS and negative histopathological margins.

The human papillomavirus Test of Cure: A lesson on compliance with the NHMRC guidelines on screening to prevent cervical cancer

In Australia, high‐risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV) testing is recommended for follow‐up of women treated for a high‐grade squamous intra‐epithelial lesion (HSIL). The sensitivity of HR HPV testing is critical to identify women at risk of further high‐grade cervical disease. In Australia, this management protocol is known as the ‘Test of Cure’ (ToC).