Ajeng Arum Sari

Pretreatment of Sweet Sorghum Bagasse Using EFB-Based Black Liquor for Ethanol Production

Lignocellulose-based bioethanol provides one potential alternative energy. Pretreatment is one of the steps in the bioconversion of lignocellulose material. Pretreatment also contributes the largest cost in the bioethanol production and produces black liquor as a wastewater which provides environmental impacts. In order to improve the cost-effectiveness of bioethanol production, the black liquor from empty fruit bunch (EFB) pretreatment was collected and used for pretreatment of sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB). The pretreatment process was conducted in a 5-liter reactor at 150 °C. The result by using black liquor was compared with pretreatment by using NaOH solution. The delignification of SSB by using black liquor in 30 and 60 min pretreatment time was 61.57% and 55.87%, respectively. The ethanol production after the SSF process reached 45.06 gl−1 and 46.49 gl−1.

Degradation of black liquor from bioethanol process using coagulation and Fenton-like methods

Black liquor is one of the main by-products of the pretreatment process in bioethanol production from oil palm empty fruit bunches. Black liquor wastewater releases black coloured effluent with high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and low dissolved oxygen (DO). It had a distinctive dark coloration, high alkalinity (pH=13), high organic content (COD > 50,000 ppm) and a high solid content (TSS > 5,000 ppm). Lignin destruction can be done by using high oxidation from OH radical system such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Thereafter, the high concentration of COD, color, and TSS can be removed. The general aim of the present investigation was to determine degradation of black liquor wastewater by using a combined coagulation and Fenton-like methods. In this research, we use Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) as a coagulant and FeCl3.6H2O and H2O2 for Fenton-like’s reagent. The process was conducted in jar test at 200 rpm for 30 minutes and after that slowly mixed for 2 hours and left for sedimentation 24 hours...

Evaluation of lignin-based black liquor decolorization by Trametes versicolor U 80

Bioethanol second generation (G-2) production process generated black liquor that need to treat before the disposal to prevent environmental pollution. Usually, coagulation technology using polyaluminium chloride was employed to precipitate dissolved lignin and intended to decolorize black liquor. However, this single work is not effective to treat black liquor, so that it requires another work to treat remain brownish liquor. Isolated fungal strain from Japan Trametes versicolor U 80 and Phanerochaete chrysosporium are white rot fungi that are known in ligninolytic enzymes secretion to biodegrade soluble lignin. Decolorization of black and brownish liquor is an indicator of fungi works since lignin is known as the colour agent in liquor colouration. This work evaluated black and brownish liquor decolorization using both fungi that correspond to fungal growth. Liquor toxicity was observed based on mycelial dry weight after 30 days incubation as the presumption of the connection of fungal growth and decolo...

The Potency of Fenton-Polyaluminum Chloride for Black Liquor Treatment

Black liquor is one of the main by-products of the pretreatment process in bioethanol production from empty oil palm fruit bunches, with a high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and low dissolved oxygen (DO). The effect of FeSO4 as a coagulant and FeSO4–H2O2 for Fenton on the degradation of black liquor was examined. This study also identified the ability of a fungus to decolorize black liquor wastewater after the Fenton process and on original black liquor. One percent ferrous sulfate decolorized 84% of black liquor with a concentration of 30,000 ppm under the coagulation method. By adding H2O2 and FeSO4 through the Fenton process, decolorization of the original black liquor was approximately 52%. Combining Fenton and polyaluminum chloride decolorized black liquor up to 90% in 33 min, whereas Coriolus versicolor decolorized 54% and 75% Fenton-treated black liquor and original black liquor after 15 days, respectively.

Development of Immobilized Activated Carbon-Enzyme for Decolorization of Black Liquor

Combination of activated carbon and crude enzyme that immobilized in alginate was developed immobilized enzyme to decolorize black liquor. Characterization of material and black liquor were analyzed by using SEM and FTIR. The study revealed that immobilized activated carbon-enzyme has high decolorization during the removal of black liquor. It has able to decolorize black liquor up to 97.7% for 5 hours. Further, it also reduced COD as 66.77%, pH 9, and TDS 7.42 g/L. Characterization of black liquor by using FTIR showed that the beads after treatment has addition of functional group such as C-O phenol at wave number 1220.94 cm-1 and C-O-C ether at wave number 1060.85 cm-1 from (C-O-C) ether. Characterization of immobilized activated carbon-enzyme by using SEM showed that this bead before treatment was more granulated than after treatment. After treatment, the bead surface was more homogeneous. Conclusively, immobilized activated carbon-enzyme is a high potential adsorption for the removal of black liquor.

Fenton process combined with coagulation for the treatment of black liquor from bioethanol wastewater

High amounts of black liquor are generated from bioethanol production by using oil palm empty fruit bunches. The black liquor is waste from alkaline pretreatment, it contains high amount of an alkaline solution (NaOH). The black liquor wastewater was highly contaminated with organic materials, and quite toxic for aquatic ecosystems if discharged directly into waters. This study aimed to determine ability of Fenton process combined with coagulation to treat black liquor. The addition 5% of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) could decolorized black liquor, degraded lignin, and produced sludge 70.64%, 68.28%, and 2.76 gram, respectively. Decolorization of black liquor was in line with degradation of black liquor because lignin is the main compound in black liquor. SEM images after addition of PAC of 5% indicated fragmentation of structure. Fenton reagent consist of 0.7 M FeSO4+ 3M H2O2 has able to decolorize black liquor, degrade lignin, and produce sludge 51.67% and 25.44%, and 0.44 gram, respectively. It was con...

Decolorization of black liquor from bioethanol G2 production using iron oxide coating sands

Bioethanol G2 production using oil palm empty fruit bunch as raw material consists of four steps, namely pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation, and purification process. Pretreatment process generates black liquor that causes serious environmental pollution if it is released to the environment. The objective of this research is studying the ability of iron oxide coating sands to adsorb the color of black liquor. The iron oxide coating sands were synthesized from FeCl3.6H2O with quartz sands as support material. This research was conducted on batch mode using black liquor in various pH values. Result obtained that kind of iron oxide on quartz sands’s surface was goethite. The result also indicated decreasing of color intensity of black liquor after adsorption process. This research supports local material utilization in environmental technology development to solve some environmental problems.

Potential of oil palm empty fruit bunches for bioethanol production and application of chemical methods in bioethanol wastewater treatment : OPEFB for bioethanol and its wastewater treatment

Lignocellulosic-based bioethanol is providing one window of potential alternative energy. Pretreatment is one of the steps in the bioconversion of lignocellulosic material. The pretreatment process was conducted in a 5-liter reactor at 150 °C, 4 bars of pressure during 30 minutes. The SSF was carried out using 30 FPU cellulase enzyme and yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The delignification of pretreatment reached 64.58%. The ethanol production after SSF process reached 62 gl−1. The black liquor wastewater can be effectively treated by using chemical methods consist of coagulation-flocculation, Fenton, and adsorption. These processes have able to remove COD, TSS, and color more than 80%.

Ligninolytic enzymes production for degradation of organochlorine compound by Trametes versicolor U80

A variety of industrial processes involving chlorine and carbon produce pentachlorobenzene as by-product which is emitted into the environment. The presence of pentachlorobenzene in the environment becomes a great concern due to its persistent, long-range fluid nature and toxic biological effects. In this study, the potential of newly basidiomycetes fungal strain to degrade pentachlorobenzene in liquid medium was evaluated. This study also investigated the enzymatic activities involving the degradation of pentachlorobenzene by fungal strain. These experiments were conducted in agar and liquid media. On agar medium containing pentachlorobenzene, five fungi showed the different abilities of growth with range 40 % to 63 % where strain U80 showed the highest growth on this medium. In morphology analysis, U80 had short cottony, floccose to floccose-cottony, and white. Based on DNA analysis, U80 belongs to the genus Trametes and named Trametes versicolor U80. Trametes versicolor U80 degraded 43 % of pentachloro...