Akansha Bhatia

Diversity of bacterial isolates during full scale rotary drum composting.

Bacterial diversity of full scale rotary drum composter from biodegradable organic waste samples were analyzed through two different approaches, i.e., Culture dependent and independent techniques. Culture-dependent enumerations for indigenous population of bacterial isolates mainly total heterotrophic bacteria (Bacillus species, Pseudomonas species and Enterobacter species), Fecal Coliforms, Fecal Streptococci, Escherichia coli, Salmonella species and Shigella species showed reduction during the composting period. On the other hand, Culture-independent method using PCR amplification of specific 16S rRNA sequences identified the presence of Acinetobacter species, Actinobacteria species, Bacillus species, Clostridium species, Hydrogenophaga species, Butyrivibrio species, Pedobacter species, Empedobactor species and Flavobacterium species by sequences clustering in the phylogenetic tree. Furthermore, correlating physico-chemical analysis of samples with bacterial diversity revealed the bacterial communities have undergone changes, possibly linked to the variations in temperature and availability of new metabolic substrates while decomposing organics at different stages of composting.

Antibacterial and enzymatic activity of microbial community during wastewater treatment by pilot scale vermifiltration system.

The present study investigated microbial community diversity and antibacterial and enzymatic properties of microorganisms in a pilot-scale vermifiltration system during domestic wastewater treatment. The study included isolation and identification of diverse microbial community by culture-dependent method from a vermifilter (VF) with earthworms and a conventional geofilter (GF) without earthworms. The results of the four months study revealed that presence of earthworms in VF could efficiently remove biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total and fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci and other pathogens. Furthermore, the burrowing activity of earthworms promoted the aeration conditions in VF which led to the predominance of the aerobic microorganisms, accounting for complex microbial community diversity. Antibacterial activity of the isolated microorganisms revealed the mechanism behind the removal of pathogens, which is reported for the first time. Specifically, cellulase, amylase and protease activity is responsible for biodegradation and stabilization of organic matter.

Microbial diversity during Rotary Drum and Windrow Pile composting.

This study investigates the prevailing microbial communities during the composting of vegetable waste, cattle manure and saw dust, in a household (250 l) batch scale Rotary Drum composter and Windrow Pile. Physico‐chemical parameters were analyzed to study the organic matter transformations. Total organic matter reduced from 63.8% to 36.2% in rotary drum and 39.6% in windrow pile composting. The C/N ratio decreased from 26.52 to 8.89 and 14.33 in rotary drum and windrow pile composting. The indigenous population of total heterotrophic bacteria decreased in rotary drum and windrow pile composting after 20 days. However, total fungal load initially increased within initial 4 days, then subsequently reduced in final composts. The average number of fecal coliforms and fecal Streptococci showed decrement with time, in both composting systems. Escherichia coli and Salmonella species number deduced during the study. Composting cycle started with Gram positive rods but ended up with the dominance of Gram negative bacilli shaped bacteria. Transformation of organic compounds during the biodegradation of organic waste, difference in the utilization of nutrients (organic matter) by the different group of microbes and high temperature could be cited as a possible reason of the above changes. Scanning electron microscopy has been used to obtain the surface structures of the cultured mycoflora. Results of the study revealed that higher diversity of microbes prevailed in rotary drum as compared to windrow pile, yielding more stable and pathogenic free compost in lesser period of composting. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Characterization of high rate composting of vegetable market waste using Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) and thermal studies in three different seasons

Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR), Thermogravimetry (TG), Differential thermal analyses (DTA) and Differential Thermogravimetric (DTG) studies of a mixture of vegetable waste, saw dust, tree leaves and cow dung for microbial activity (feedstock) and their compost were reported in three different seasons i.e. winter, spring and summer. The correlation between spectral studies and compost composition provide information regarding their stability and maturity during composting. FT-IR spectra were conferred the functional groups and their intensity and TG, DTG and DTA for wt. loss, rate of wt. loss and enthalpy change in compost. Weight loss in feedstock and compost at two different temperatures 250–350 and 350–500°C was found 38.06, 28.15% for inlet and 14.08, 25.67% for outlet zones in summer and 50.59, 29.76% for inlet and 18.08, 25.67% in outlet zones in spring season, higher (5–10%) than winter. The corresponding temperatures in DTA in the samples from inlet to outlet zone were; endotherm (100–200°C), due to dehydration, exotherm (300–320°C), due to peptidic structure loss and exotherm (449–474°C) due to the loss of polynuclear aromatic structures, which were higher by 4°C and 10–20°C and rate of wt. loss was higher by 5–10% in spring and summer season, respectively than winter season composting, reported regardless of the maturation age of the compost. Relative intensity of exotherms (300–320/449–474°C) gave the thermally more stable fractions of organic compound. Our results indicated that the rotary drum composting of organic matters in spring and summer season gave higher molecular complexity and stability than the winter season.

Effect of intermittent aeration strategies on treatment performance and microbial community of an IFAS reactor treating municipal waste water

ABSTRACT This study investigated the effect of various intermittent aeration (IA) cycles on organics and nutrient removal, and microbial communities in an integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) reactor treating municipal waste water. Average effluent biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) values were noted as 20, 50, 30, 12 and 1.5 mgL-1, respectively, in continuous aeration mode. A total of four operational conditions (run 1, continuous aeration; run 2, 150/30 min aeration on/off time; run 3, 120/60 min aeration on/off time and run 4, 90/60 min aeration on/off time) were investigated in IFAS reactor assessment. Among the all examined IA cycles, IA phase 2 gave the maximum COD and BOD removals with values recorded as 97% and 93.8%, respectively. With respect to nutrient removal (TN and TP), IA phase 1 was found to be optimum. Pathogen removal efficiency of present system was recorded as 90-95% during the three phases. With regard to settling characteristics, pilot showed poor settling during IA schedules, which was also evidenced by high sludge volume index values. Overall, IA could be used as a feasible way to improve the overall performance of IFAS system.

High rate composting of herbal pharmaceutical industry solid waste

High rate composting studies of hard to degrade herbal wastes were conducted in a 3.5 m(3) capacity rotary drum composter. Studies were spread out in four trials: In trial 1 and 2, one and two turns per day rotation was observed, respectively, by mixing of herbal industry waste with cattle (buffalo) manure at a ratio of 3:1 on wet weight basis. In trial 3 inocula was added in raw waste to enhance the degradation and in trial 4 composting of a mixture of vegetable market waste and herbal waste was conducted at one turn per day. Results demonstrated that the operation of the rotary drum at one turn a day (trial 1) could provide the most conducive composting conditions and co-composting (trial 4) gave better quality compost in terms of temperature, moisture, nitrogen, and Solvita maturity index. In addition a FT-IR study also revealed that trial 1 and trial 4 gave quality compost in terms of stability and maturity due to the presence of more intense peaks in the aromatic region and less intense peaks were found in the aliphatic region compared with trial 2 and trial 3.

Effect of intermittent aeration on microbial diversity in an intermittently aerated IFAS reactor treating municipal wastewater: A field study

ABSTRACT In the present study, the effect of three intermittent aeration (IA) cycles on treatment performance and microbial diversity was investigated in an integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) reactor treating municipal wastewater. The results showed that IA strategies were able to achieve efficient removal of organics and nitrogen ranging between 90 and 95% and 70 and 80%, respectively, however the phosphorus removal was found to be inversely proportional to the duration of aeration off time in each IA cycle. The microscopic analysis revealed that the suspended and attached biomass had compact morphology and open floc structure, respectively. For each gram of volatile suspended solids, 165 and 148 mg of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were extracted from attached and suspended biomass, respectively, constituting carbohydrates (∼24%), proteins (∼31%), humic acids (∼28%), DNA (∼2%) and unknown substances (∼12%). The microbial diversities of suspended biomass in IFAS reactor were investigated using culture-dependent approach, which confirmed the presence of Clostridium spp., Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Escherichia coli spp., Nitrosococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Acinetobacter spp., Betaproteobacteria outliers, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, Micrococcus, Proteus vulgaris spp., Actinomycetes spp., and Actinobacteria including Micromonospora spp. and Streptomyces spp. Molecular tools for diversity analyses were used for ammonia and nitrite oxidizer identification, such as Nitrospira and Nitrosococcus species. Denitrifiers include the species of Pseudomonas, Betaproteobacteria and Flavobacterium. Acinetobacter, Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were responsible for the phosphorus removal in the present system. Overall, the system performed efficiently showing Proteobacteria (59%), Acinetobacter (12%) and Bacteroidetes (11%) as the dominant bacterial groups. However, the dominance of the bacterial diversity varied with the IA cycle time numerating the maximum percentage of bacterial species during IA1 phase i.e. 2.5 h aeration/0.5 h non-aeration.