Akash Jain

Null Fluids - A New Viewpoint of Galilean Fluids

current up to anomalies. We construct a relativistic system, which we call a null fluid and show that it is in one-to-one correspondence with a Galilean fluid living in one lower dimension. The correspondence is based on light cone reduction, which is known to reduce the Poincare symmetry of a theory to Galilean in one lower dimension. We show that the proposed null fluid and the corresponding Galilean fluid have exactly same symmetries, thermodynamics, constitutive relations, and equilibrium partition to all orders in the derivative expansion. We also devise a mechanism to introduce U(1) anomaly in even dimensional Galilean theories using light cone reduction, and study its effect on the constitutive relations of a Galilean fluid.

Galilean Anomalies and Their Effect on Hydrodynamics

We study flavor and gravitational anomalies in Galilean theories coupled to torsional Newton-Cartan backgrounds. We establish that the relativistic anomaly inflow mechanism with an appropriately modified anomaly polynomial can be used to generate these anomalies. Similar to the relativistic case, we find that Galilean anomalies also survive only in even dimensions. Further, these anomalies only effect the flavor and rotational symmetries of a Galilean theory; in particular, the Milne boost symmetry remains nonanomalous. We also extend the transgression machinery used in relativistic fluids to Galilean fluids, and use it to determine how these anomalies affect the constitutive relations of a Galilean fluid. Unrelated to the Galilean fluids, we propose an analogue of the off-shell second law of thermodynamics for relativistic fluids, to include torsion and a conserved spin current in the vielbein formalism. Interestingly, we find that even in the absence of spin current and torsion the entropy currents in the two formalisms are different: while the usual entropy current gets a contribution from the gravitational anomaly, the entropy current in the vielbein formalism does not have any anomaly-induced part.

Equilibrium partition function for nonrelativistic fluids.

We construct an equilibrium partition function for a nonrelativistic fluid and use it to constrain the dynamics of the system. The construction is based on light cone reduction, which is known to reduce the Poincare symmetry to Galilean in one lower dimension. We modify the constitutive relations of a relativistic fluid, and find that its symmetry broken phase—“null fluid” is equivalent to the nonrelativistic fluid. In particular, their symmetries, thermodynamics, constitutive relations, and equilibrium partition function match exactly to all orders in derivative expansion.

Theory of non-Abelian superfluid dynamics

We write down a theory for non-Abelian superfluids with a partially broken (semisimple) Lie group. We adapt the off-shell formalism of hydrodynamics to superfluids and use it to comment on the superfluid transport compatible with the second law of thermodynamics. We find that the second law can be also used to derive the Josephson equation, which governs dynamics of the Goldstone modes. In the course of our analysis, we derive an alternate and mutually distinct parametrization of the recently proposed classification of hydrodynamic transport and generalize it to superfluids.

First order Galilean superfluid dynamics.

We study dynamics of an (anomalous) Galilean superfluid up to first order in derivative expansion, both in parity-even and parity-odd sectors. We construct a relativistic system—null superfluid, which is a null fluid (introduced in N. Banerjee, S. Dutta, and A. Jain Akash, [Phys. Rev. D 93, 105020 (2016).]) with a spontaneously broken global U(1) symmetry. A null superfluid is in one-to-one correspondence with a Galilean superfluid in one lower dimension; i.e., they have the same symmetries, thermodynamics, constitutive relations and are related to each other by a mere choice of basis. The correspondence is based on null reduction, which is known to reduce the Poincare symmetry of a theory to Galilean symmetry in one lower dimension. To perform this analysis, we use off-shell formalism of (super)fluid dynamics, adopting it appropriately to null (super)fluids. We also verify these results via c → ∞ limit of a parent relativistic system.

On the surface of superfluids

A bstractDeveloping on a recent work on localized bubbles of ordinary relativistic fluids, we study the comparatively richer leading order surface physics of relativistic superfluids, coupled to an arbitrary stationary background metric and gauge field in 3 + 1 and 2 + 1 dimensions. The analysis is performed with the help of a Euclidean effective action in one lower dimension, written in terms of the superfluid Goldstone mode, the shape-field (characterizing the surface of the superfluid bubble) and the background fields. We find new terms in the ideal order constitutive relations of the superfluid surface, in both the parity-even and parity-odd sectors, with the corresponding transport coefficients entirely fixed in terms of the first order bulk transport coefficients. Some bulk transport coefficients even enter and modify the surface thermodynamics. In the process, we also evaluate the stationary first order parity-odd bulk currents in 2 + 1 dimensions, which follows from four independent terms in the superfluid effective action in that sector. In the second part of the paper, we extend our analysis to stationary surfaces in 3 + 1 dimensional Galilean superfluids via the null reduction of null superfluids in 4 + 1 dimensions. The ideal order constitutive relations in the Galilean case also exhibit some new terms similar to their relativistic counterparts. Finally, in the relativistic context, we turn on slow but arbitrary time dependence and answer some of the key questions regarding the time-dependent dynamics of the shape-field using the second law of thermodynamics. A linearized fluctuation analysis in 2 + 1 dimensions about a toy equilibrium configuration reveals some new surface modes, including parity-odd ones. Our framework can be easily applied to model more general interfaces between distinct fluid-phases.

Higher Derivative Corrections to Charged Fluids in 2n Dimensions

A bstractWe study anomalous charged fluid in 2n-dimensions (n ≥ 2) up to sub-leading derivative order. Only the effect of gauge anomaly is important at this order. Using the Euclidean partition function formalism, we find the constraints on different sub-leading order transport coefficients appearing in parity-even and odd sectors of the fluid. We introduce a new mechanism to count different fluid data at arbitrary derivative order. We show that only the knowledge of independent scalar-data is sufficient to find the constraints. In appendix we further extend this analysis to obtain fluid data at sub-sub-leading order (where both gauge and gravitational anomaly contribute) for parity-odd fluid.

Dissipative hydrodynamics with higher-form symmetry.

A bstractA theory of parity-invariant dissipative fluids with q-form symmetry is formulated to first order in a derivative expansion. The fluid is anisotropic with symmetry SO(D − 1 − q) × SO(q) and carries dissolved q-dimensional charged objects that couple to a (q + 1)-form background gauge field. The case q = 1 for which the fluid carries string charge is related to magnetohydrodynamics in D = 4 spacetime dimensions. We identify q+7 parity-even independent transport coefficients at first order in derivatives for q > 1. In particular, compared to the q = 1 case under the assumption of parity and charge conjugation invariance, fluids with q > 1 are characterised by q extra transport coefficients with the physical interpretation of shear viscosity in the SO(q) sector and current resistivities. We discuss certain issues related to the existence of a hydrostatic sector for fluids with higher-form symmetry for any q ≥ 1. We extend these results in order to include an interface separating different fluid phases and study the dispersion relation of capillary waves finding clear signatures of anisotropy. The formalism developed here can be easily adapted to study hydrodynamics with multiple higher-form symmetries.