Akihisa Motoki

U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotope systematics of zircons from the Mississippi River sand: Implications for reworking and growth of continental crust

We carried out in situ U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotope analyses of detrital zircons from the Mississippi River in order to understand crustal reworking and continental growth rates. The U-Pb analyses for 416 zircons reveal three major peaks of crust formation at 2.8–2.6 Ga, 1.8–0.9 Ga, and after 0.2 Ga. Initial Hf isotope ratios were obtained for 402 of the dated zircons, and only 8% of the zircons have \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\ \_{Hf(\mathit{T})\_{DM}}\) \end{document} values less negative than −2.5. These data correspond to a crustal residence time of <120 m.y. This finding indicates that crustal reworking was a very important process in continental crust formation. The \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\ \_{Hf(\mathit{T})\_{DM}}\) \end{document} population demonstrates that reworking was predominant at 2.5–2.0 Ga and after 0.9 Ga, whereas juvenile crust formation dominated between 2.0 and 1.6 Ga. We calculated the mantle-extraction model ages to estimate the continental growth rate. Approximately half of the grains have model ages between 2.0 and 1.3 Ga, indicating rapid crustal growth during this time. The continental growth rate suggests that 15% and 78% crust in the source region of the zircons formed by 2.5 and 1.3 Ga, respectively.

Geophysical and geochemical evidence for cold upper mantle beneath the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean

This paper presents geophysical and geochemical evidence for the possible existence of cold, subducted lithosphere beneath the Saint Paul Fracture Zone of the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean. The ocean floor along the fracture zone is characterized by a high percentage of abyssal peridotites. The abyssal peridotites were emplaced by tectonic uplift of the oceanic lithosphere. The top of the ridge is exposed at Saint Peter and Saint Paul islets. The Os isotopic composition of these abyssal peridotites indicate the presence of old depleted mantle material in this region with Re-depletion model ages (TRD) from 0.32 to 1.1Ga. Melt inclusions in plagioclase phenocrysts of the MORB close to this location have boninitic composition, suggesting that some basalts originated from low-degree mantle melting. The global tomography models show fast seismic velocities in the upper and lower mantle of the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean, consistent with the presence of cold subducted lithosphere. The range of Re-depletion model ages are consistent with paleo-reconstructions of plate motion, suggesting that the fossil subducted slab was formed during the closure of both the Iapetus and the Rheic oceans.

Avaliação de aspectos texturais e estruturais de corpos vulcânicos e subvulcânicos e sua relação com o ambiente de cristalização, com base em exemplos do Brasil, Argentina e Chile

Many volcanoes and subvolcanic rock bodies observed in Brazil, Argentina, and Chile represent didactic examples that explain the relation between textural and structural aspects of their constituent rocks and crystallization environment of the rock bodies. The volcanic bodies, such as lavas and pyroclastic flows, have large horizontal extension, small thickness, and sub-horizontal contacts plains. On the other hand, many subvolcanic bodies, such as vent-filling rock bodies have small horizontal extension, large vertical dimension, and sub-vertical contacts plains. The volcanic rock bodies are constituted by fine-grained rocks, however some subvolcanic bodies also are made up of similar rocks. The grain-size of igneous rocks is related mainly to magma-cooling rate, and not directly to their emplacement depth. Therefore, the interpretation of geological occurrence mode from the lithological and petrological description is often impossible, especially in case of pyroclastic rocks. Geological occurrence mode of an igneous body must be determined by means of field observations, especially of contact outcrops.

Taxa de soerguimento atual do arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo, Oceano Atlântico Equatorial

The Saint Peter and Saint Paul Islets are situated in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean at the top of a submarine ridge made up of mantle peridotite. It is 90 km long, 25 km wide, and 3,800 m high, and is called the Saint Peter Saint Paul Peridotite Ridge. The submarine morphology is highly rugged with hundreds-of-meters-high scarps, suggesting the occurrence of probably recent active tectonism. The summit level map shows two surfaces of wave-cut benches with respective altitudes of 4~5 m and 7~9 m. The wave-cut benches are observed on three major islets in the same altitude ranges, indicating that no tilting or differential uplifting between the islets has occurred. Considering the upper platform to be formed during the Flandrian Transgression and the lower one developed by a recent erosive process, the mean uplift rate in the last 6.000 years is calculated to be 1.2~1.5 mm/year. The 14C datings for the coral fossils collected from the Belmont Island indicate the uplift rate in the last 6600 years to be 1.5~1.8 mm/year. Therefore, a rate of 1.5 mm/year should be reasonable for the present-day uplifting. Interpreting the peridotite ridge as a tectonically deformed megamullion, the total uplift would be 1500~3000 m and the tectonism should have started at 1~2 Ma. If the Peridotite Ridge is originated from the subcrustal oceanic mantle, the total uplift would be approximately 9000 m and the tectonism would have started close to 6 Ma.

Reavaliação genética do modelo do Vulcão de Nova Iguaçu, RJ: origem eruptiva ou intrusão subvulcânica?

This paper re-examines the geologic structures that were considered to be of eruptive origin of the Mendanha Alkaline Complex, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The valley interpreted to be a crater is not underlain by pyroclastic agglomerate, but by massive trachyte. The alluvial deposit on this valley is a few meters thick and composed of regolitic materials. The talus deposit of large boulders suggestive of crater wall collapse is not observed. No morphologic elevation indicative of volcanic cone is found. The outcrops around the supposed crater show no volcanic stratification. The valley is not considered to be a volcanic crater but a landform resulted from erosion. The most abundant trachyte of this area is cut by the alkali syenite, and therefore, cannot be the lava flow that covers the syenite. The trachyte takes place up to the top of the massif, 600 m above the supposed crater. The columnar joints are originated from dikes, and the bread crust-like structure is attributed to weathering. These observations indicate that the trachyte is not constituent of lava flows, but of subvolcanic bodies. The authors conclude that the volcanic rocks in question are not constituent of volcanic edifice, but of subvolcanic vent-filling tuff breccia, and the hypothesis of the Nova Iguacu Volcano is implausible.

Subvolcanic vent-filling welded tuff breccia of Cabo Frio Island, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

At the southwestern corner of Cabo Frio Island, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a pyroclastic body is present in an area of 500 x 600 m, intruding into the host orthogneiss with subvertical contact. Between the orthogneiss and pyroclastic body, there is a trachyte intercalation, 5 to 10 m wide. The pyroclastic rocks have a clast-matrix supported structure and the clast size ranges from 1 mm to 40 cm. Larger than 10 cm clasts are semi-rounded and those that are less than 5 cm are angular. They are composed mainly of trachyte, subordinately of orthogneiss, and eventually of welded tuff. The texture is heterogeneous and no grain-size sorting or volcanic layering of the clasts was observed. Microscopic observations have revealed hydrothermal alteration featured by calcite dissemination, alkaline feldspar sericitization, and mafic mineral decomposition. The matrix is filled by angular fragments of alkaline feldspar, quartz, plagioclase, and opaque minerals, smaller than 0.6 mm. The existence of the welded tuff clasts indicates that explosive eruptions took place repeatedly. The subvertical intrusive contact, small exposure area, rounded clasts, heterogeneous clast size, and absence of volcanic layering indicate that the pyroclastic rock is subvolcanic vent-filling welded tuff breccia, and not a constituent of a subaerial eruptive deposit.

Brecha tectônica da área de Cabo Frio - RJ, intrudida por dique máfico do Eocretáceo: evidência do tectonismo rúptil do Pan-Africano?

This paper presents the field descriptions and microscopic observations of a tectonic breccia in the basement gneiss of the Cabo Frio and Arraial do Cabo areas, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and its intrusive contact with the Early Cretaceous mafic dyke. At the sea cliff close to the Ilha do Japones, there is an excellent contact outcrop between them. The tectonic breccia zone is 10 to 20m wide and has N30oE direction. The breccia clasts are angular and characterized by auto-brecciation texture, and composed of breccia with similar aspect of the host tectonic breccia. The matrix is firmly consolidated by hydrothermalism and following silicification. The mafic dyke is 7 to 10m wide and of N45oE direction. Along the contact, the dyke chilled margin featured by fine-grained basalt and prismatic joints can be observed. At the Conchas Beach and Arraial do Cabo city, there are four outcrops demonstrating the mafic dyke intrusion into the consolidated tectonic breccias. These outcrops prove that the tectonic breccias are older than the Early Cretaceous tholeiitic dykes. The fault breccias could have been formed during the brittle-phase tectonism of the last stage of the Pan-African Orogeny by hydrothermalism without magmatic activities, namely tectonic hydrothermalism. The existence of the clasts constituent of the breccia that are composed of breccia suggests that the fault movement and following hydrothermalism occurred repeatedly.

New method of semi-automatic modal analyses for phenocrysts of porphyritic rocks based on quantitative digital colour specification technique

This paper proposes a new method for modal analyses of centimetric phenocrysts and porphyroblasts using a digital rock image. The dot matrix image of the rock is imported into vectorial draw software as background. The outline of all of the phenocrysts is marked on the overlay by closed vectorial curves and their internal area is painted in black. After this operation, the rock image on the background is deleted and the background is painted in white. The vectorial objects composed of the background and the overlay are exported as a matrix image of BMP format. The percentage of the areas painted in black corresponds to modal abundance of the phenocrysts, and it is calculated by the Wilber colour specification software. This method has high precision in graphic processing. However the translucency of the groundmass causes uncertainness in vectorial phenocryst marking. Therefore, it is recommended for rocks with phenocrysts larger than 5 mm.

Geochronology (Ar/Ar and K–Ar) of the South Atlantic post-break-up magmatism

Abstract This work integrates the available geological information and geochronology data for the Cretaceous–Recent magmatism in the South Atlantic, represented by onshore and offshore magmatic events, including the oceanic islands along the transform faults and near the mid-ocean ridge. The analysis of the igneous rocks and their tectonic settings allows new insights into the evolution of the African and Brazilian continental margins during the South Atlantic opening. Following the abundant volcanism in the Early Cretaceous, the magmatic quiescence during the Aptian–Albian times is a common characteristic of almost all Brazilian and West African marginal basins. However, rocks ascribed to the Cabo Granite (104 Ma) are observed in NE Brazil. In West Africa, sparse Aptian–Albian ages are observed in a few coastal igneous centres. In the SE Brazilian margin, an east–west alkaline magmatic trend is observed from Poços de Caldas to Cabo Frio, comprising igneous intrusions dated from 87 to 64 Ma. Mafic dyke swarms trending NW also occur in the region extending from the Cabo Frio Province towards the Central Brazilian Craton. On the West African side, Early Cretaceous–Recent volcanism is observed in the Walvis Ridge (139 Ma), the St Helena Ridge (81 Ma) and the Cameroon Volcanic Line (Early Tertiary–Recent). Volcanic islands such as Ascencion (1.0–0.65 Ma), Tristão da Cunha (2.5–0.13 Ma) and the St Helena islands (12 Ma) most probably correspond to mantle plumes or hot spots presently located near the mid-Atlantic spreading centre. Within the South America platform and deep oceanic regions, the following volcanic islands are observed: the Rio Grande Rise (88–86 Ma), Abrolhos (54–44 Ma), the Vitória–Trindade Chain (no age), Trindade (2.8–1.2 Ma) and Fernando de Noronha (12–1.5 Ma). There are several volcanic features along the NW–SE-trending Cruzeiro do Sul Lineament from Cabo Frio to the Rio Grande Rise, but they have not been dated. The only known occurrence of serpentinized mantle rocks in the South Atlantic margin is associated with the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Rocks located along the São Paulo Fracture Zone. The Cameroon Volcanic Line in NW Africa is related to the magmatism that started in the Late Cretaceous and shows local manifestations up to the Present. The compilation of all available magmatic ages suggests an asymmetrical evolution between the African and South America platforms with more pre-break-up and post-break-up magmatism observed in the Brazilian margin. This is most likely to have resulted from the different geological processes operating during the South Atlantic Ocean opening, shifts in the spreading centre, and, possibly, the rising and waning of mantle plumes. Supplementary material: A complete table with radiometric dates that have been obtained by universities, government agencies and research groups is available at: www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18596

The pyroclastic dyke and welded crystal tuff of the Morro dos Gatos alkaline intrusive complex, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

The present article reports the geologic, lithologic, and petrographic characteristics of the pyroclastic dyke and phenocryst-rich welded crystal tuff of the Morro dos Gatos alkaline intrusive body, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The intrusive complex has an extension of 1.2 x 0.8 km occupying an area of 0.5 km2. It is constituted mainly by monzonite and trachyte. At the south flank of the massif, there exits a pyroclastic dyke and at the northwest flank, an intrusive welded crystal tuff. The pyroclastic dyke is 40 to 80 cm wide and intrudes into the basement porphyritic granite. This rock is constituted by welded tuff breccia with large amount of lapilli-size angular lithic fragments of trachyte. Along the contact plane of this dyke, there is an intercalation of the trachyte. The crystal tuff is characterised by abundant alkaline feldspar phenocrysts and mineral fragments of alkaline feldspar, quartz, biotite, and amphibole, showing a crystal matrix-supported texture. Large phenocrysts are aggregations of idiomorphic alkaline feldspar crystals with a general size of 2 mm and a maximum one of 6 mm. The matrix is composed mainly of mineral fragments of less than 1 mm in general size. The size-frequency diagram for the mineral fragments suggests that they have been originated from an explosive eruption. The matrix is strongly welded and completely devitrified showing a cryptocrystalline texture. The crystals were concentrated by sorting with the help of the volcanic gas ascending in the volcanic conduit during a continuous and effusive phase of the eruption. The limited special distribution of the pyroclastic rocks and small outcrop size indicate that they are not constituent of pyroclastic flow deposits, but of subvolcanic conduit and fissure.