Akram Hasani Zonoozi

Direct N‐body simulations of globular clusters – I. Palomar 14

We present the first ever direct N-body computations of an old Milky Way globular cluster over its entire lifetime on a star-by-star basis. Using recent GPU hardware at Bonn University, we have performed a comprehensive set of N-body calculations to model the distant outer halo globular cluster Palomar 14 (Pal 14). Pal 14 is unusual in that its mean density is about 10 times smaller than that in the solar neighbourhood. Its large radius as well as its low-mass make it possible to simulate Pal 14 on a star-by-star basis. By varying the initial conditions, we aim at finding an initial N-body model which reproduces the observational data best in terms of its basic parameters, i.e. half-light radius, mass and velocity dispersion. We furthermore focus on reproducing the stellar mass function slope of Pal 14 which was found to be significantly shallower than in most globular clusters. While some of our models can reproduce Pal 14’s basic parameters reasonably well, we find that dynamical mass segregation alone cannot explain the mass function slope of Pal 14 when starting from the canonical Kroupa initial mass function (IMF). In order to seek an explanation for this discrepancy, we compute additional initial models with varying degrees of primordial mass segregation as well as with a flattened IMF. The necessary degree of primordial mass segregation turns out to be very high, though, such that we prefer the latter hypothesis which we discuss in detail. This modelling has shown that the initial conditions of Pal 14 after gas expulsion must have been a half-mass radius of about 20 pc, a mass of about 50 000 M⊙, and possibly some mass segregation or an already established non-canonical IMF depleted in low-mass stars. Such conditions might be obtained by a violent early gas-expulsion phase from an embedded cluster born with mass segregation. Only at large Galactocentric radii are clusters likely to survive as bound entities the destructive gas-expulsion process we seem to have uncovered for Pal 14. In addition, we compute a model with a 5 per cent primordial binary fraction to test if such a population has an effect on the cluster’s evolution. We see no significant effect, though, and moreover find that the binary fraction of Pal 14 stays almost the same and gives the final fraction over its entire lifetime due to the cluster’s extremely low density. Low-density, halo globular clusters might therefore be good targets to test primordial binary fractions of globular clusters.

Declining rotation curves of galaxies as a test of gravitational theory

Unlike Newtonian dynamics which is linear and obeys the strong equivalence principle, in any nonlinear gravitation such as Milgromian dynamics (MOND), the strong version of the equivalence principle is violated and the gravitational dynamics of a system is influenced by the external gravitational field in which it is embedded. This so called External Field Effect (EFE) is one of the important implications of MOND and provides a special context to test Milgromian dynamics. Here, we study the rotation curves (RCs) of 18 spiral galaxies and find that their shapes constrain the EFE. We show that the EFE can successfully remedy the overestimation of rotation velocities in 80\% of the sample galaxies in Milgromian dynamics fits by decreasing the velocity in the outer part of the RCs. We compare the implied external field with the gravitational field for non-negligible nearby sources of each individual galaxy and find that in many cases it is compatible with the EFE within the uncertainties. We therefore argue that in the framework of Milgromian dynamics, one can constrain the gravitational field induced from the environment of galaxies using their RCs. We finally show that taking into account the EFE yields more realistic values for the stellar mass-to-light ratio in terms of stellar population synthesis than the ones implied without the EFE.

The effect of primordial mass segregation on the size scale of globular clusters

We use direct

Possible smoking-gun evidence for initial mass segregation in re-virialized post-gas expulsion globular clusters

N

A Possible Solution for the M/L-[Fe/H] Relation of Globular Clusters in M31: A metallicity and density dependent top-heavy IMF

-body calculations to investigate the impact of primordial mass segregation on the size scale and mass-loss rate of star clusters in a galactic tidal field. We run a set of simulations of clusters with varying degrees of primordial mass segregation at various galactocentric radii and show that, in primordially segregated clusters, the early, impulsive mass-loss from stellar evolution of the most massive stars in the innermost regions of the cluster leads to a stronger expansion than for initially non-segregated clusters. Therefore, models in stronger tidal fields dissolve faster due to an enhanced flux of stars over the tidal boundary. Throughout their lifetimes, the segregated clusters are more extended by a factor of about 2, suggesting that (at least) some of the very extended globular clusters in the outer halo of the Milky Way may have been born with primordial mass segregation. We finally derive a relation between star-cluster dissolution time,

The binary fraction and mass segregation in Alpha Persei open cluster

T_{diss}

A Possible Solution for the M/L–[Fe/H] Relation of Globular Clusters in M31. II. The Age–Metallicity Relation

, and galactocentric radius,

Galactic orbital motions of star clusters: static versus semicosmological time-dependent Galactic potentials

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THE SIZES OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS AS TRACERS OF GALACTIC HALO POTENTIALS

, and show how it depends on the degree of primordial mass segregation.

Was the Milky Way a chain galaxy? Using the IGIMF theory to constrain the thin-disk star formation history and mass

We perform a series of direct N-body calculations to investigate the effect of residual gas expulsion from the gas-embedded progenitors of present-day globular clusters (GCs) on the stellar mass function (MF). Our models start either tidally filling or underfilling, and either with or without primordial mass segregation. We cover 100 Myr of the evolution of modelled clusters and show that the expulsion of residual gas from initially mass-segregated clusters leads to a significantly shallower slope of the stellar MF in the low- (m ≤ 0.50 M⊙) and intermediate-mass (≃ 0.50–0.85 M⊙) regime. Therefore, the imprint of residual gas expulsion and primordial mass segregation might be visible in the present-day MF. We find that the strength of the external tidal field, as an essential parameter, influences the degree of flattening, such that a primordially mass-segregated tidally filling cluster with rh/rt ≥ 0.1 shows a strongly depleted MF in the intermediate stellar mass range. Therefore, the shape of the present-day stellar MF in this mass range probes the birth place of clusters in the Galactic environment. We furthermore find that this flattening agrees with the observed correlation between the concentration of a cluster and its MF slope, as found by de Marchi et al.. We show that if the expansion through the residual gas expulsion in primordial mass segregated clusters is the reason for this correlation then GCs most probably formed in strongly fluctuating local tidal fields in the early proto-Milky Way potential, supporting the recent conclusion by Marks & Kroupa.