Alain Garrigou

A contaminação por agrotóxicos e os Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPIs)

This study has analyzed the efficiency and adequacy of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) used when mixing and spraying pesticides in Brazilian and French farming. Analysis was based on two case studies: The first one, concerning a tomato crop located in a small rural community in the Southeast of Brazil; the second, a vineyard in France. The findings showed that PPE used in both cases has not protected properly against pesticide and has sometimes even turned into a source of contamination. The study concluded that PPE could not eliminate or neutralize unhealthy conditions related to pesticide use, as law demands. Moreover, in some cases, it might have caused rural workers’ contamination. It also shows that PPE might not have been correctly planned, conceived, used, maintained, stored and disposed. Theses problems should be analyzed in further technological development studies.

Levels and determinants of pesticide exposure in operators involved in treatment of vineyards: results of the PESTEXPO Study

Exposure assessment is a critical point for epidemiological studies on pesticide health effects. PESTEXPO study provides data on levels of exposure and their determinants in real conditions of pesticide use. We described levels of exposure in vineyards during treatment tasks (mixing, spraying and cleaning) and we analysed their determinants. Sixty-seven operators using dithiocarbamates or folpet were observed. Detailed information on the tasks (general conditions, operator, farm and equipment characteristics) were collected and dermal contamination was measured, using patches placed onto the skin on eleven body parts, and washing the hands at the end of each phase. The spraying phase represented roughly half of the contamination, whereas mixing and equipment cleaning accounted for 30% and 20% of the contamination, respectively. The main determinants of exposure were the number of phases, the characteristics of the equipment, the educational level of the operator and his status (farm -worker or -owner) and the general characteristics of the vines. Algorithms were built to estimate daily external contamination, according to these characteristics during mixing, spraying or equipment cleaning. With additional information of frequency and duration of use, they will enable to develop exposure indices usable in epidemiological studies on farmers’ health.

Effets chroniques des pesticides sur le système nerveux central : état des connaissances épidémiologiques

BACKGROUND Given the neurotoxic properties of pesticides, suggested by experimental results and clinical observations, many epidemiological studies have investigated neurological effects following acute or chronic exposure to pesticides. This review provides an overview of current knowledge about pesticide effects on the central nervous system: neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), cognitive disorders, and psychiatric disorders (mood disorders, anxiety, depression and suicide). RESULTS Parkinsons disease, the most widely studied in relation with pesticide exposure, particularly with insecticides and herbicides, was observed to be a risk factor of the disease. Evidence is scarce for Alzheimers disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, but quite consistent. Cognitive and psychiatric disorders were often observed in relation with organophosphate insecticide exposure. Cognitive disorders were found associated with acute and chronic exposures, and psychiatric disorders mostly with poisonings. These epidemiologic studies were limited by a lack of detailed and reliable exposure assessment. The role of genetic susceptibilities has been recently observed, but must be further investigated.

Ergonomics contribution to chemical risks prevention: An ergotoxicological investigation of the effectiveness of coverall against plant pest risk in viticulture

The purpose of this article is to present the contribution of a trans-disciplinary approach focused on ergonomics and chemical risk control. We shall more precisely discuss how such an approach carried out in the field of agricultural work has made it possible to highlight serious shortcomings in the effectiveness of the coveralls that are supposed to protect vineyard workers from pesticides. The study results, as well as the whistle-blow that followed have questioned the control and prevention measures used until then. The aforementioned trans-disciplinary approach gathers knowledge and methods from epidemiology, industrial hygiene, occupational health and safety and ergonomics. Ergonomics were central in the development of the approach as it connected task and activity analysis with contamination measurements. Lastly, the first results that were obtained have been confirmed and reused by the AFSSET (Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire Environnement et Travail, the French governmental agency in charge of environmental health and occupational health and safety issues) regarding the agricultural sector but also for all other situations in which workers use coveralls as protection against chemical risks.

Analysis of organizational conditions for risk management: the case study of a petrochemical site

This paper presents an ergonomic intervention in the petrochemical sector. The scheduled shutdown of one of the gas production sites has led the management to reduce the number of personnel on site, and then to get new recruits and experienced technicians from other sites as the policy for leaving personnel had not been properly planned, resulting in understaffing on site. Workers with seniority on the site, and who are also the most experienced do not accept the way newcomers are induced on site, whereas the management accuses them of resisting change. The intervention consisted in reconnecting local and corporate management through making the work activity visible and linking two sets of data that they held separately. Different types of analyses were made, work demography, decision making processes and tools used by the management, analysis of the building of career and work logics. Those different levels of analysis are gathered in macro-ergonomics, while showing the possible combinations between top down and bottom up approaches. The intervention resulted in concrete changes: HR simulation tool, training organisation, feedback.This paper presents an ergonomic intervention in the petrochemical sector. The scheduled shutdown of one of the gas production sites has led the management to reduce the number of personnel on site, and then to get new recruits and experienced technicians from other sites as the policy for leaving personnel had not been properly planned, resulting in understaffing on site. Workers with seniority on the site, and who are also the most experienced do not accept the way newcomers are induced on site, whereas the management accuses them of resisting change. The intervention consisted in reconnecting local and corporate management through making the work activity visible and linking two sets of data that they held separately. Different types of analyses were made, work demography, decision making processes and tools used by the management, analysis of the building of career and work logics. Those different levels of analysis are gathered in macro-ergonomics, while showing the possible combinations between top down and bottom up approaches. The intervention resulted in concrete changes: HR simulation tool, training organisation, feedback.

The use of pesticides in French viticulture: a badly controlled technology transfer!

The use of pesticides is one of the techniques employed in modern agriculture and in particular in intensive agriculture. The risks for the environment and for worker health have been debated in western countries for about ten years. Recent developments in epidemiology, toxicology and ergotoxicology have clearly revealed that pesticides could harm the health of farmers (cancers, neurological diseases and reproductive disorders). Failures and shortcomings in the risk prevention systems have also come to light. This paper aims to address the risks associated to the use of pesticides in French vineyards. The chosen approach draws from an anthropological approach as well as from developments in ergotoxicology applied to the French vineyard work. We shall discuss the use of pesticides from the point of view of the transfer of technology. Our recent research has shown that this technology transfer was not completely controlled by the different stakeholders.

Toward a Better Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Nanoparticles Taking into Account Work Activities

Numerous industrial sectors and processes may cause worker exposure to ultrafine particles or engineered nanoparticles (NPs). These exposures may affect workers’ health if control measures (organisational, engineering, PPE…) are not properly defined, used and maintained. Today the available exposure data are insufficient for epidemiological studies. Part of the reason for this lack of data may be found in the variety of approaches used to assess worker exposure.

Contributions of Ergonomics to the Development of Prevention Projects: The Role of Intermediate Prevention Objects

In a context where preventive measures are developed in a functionalist and technological way, the aim of this work is to set up general principles and methods for new preventive solutions that will enrich these existing measures.