Alain Rabatel

L’énonciation, la praxis énonciative et le discours

Abstract The present article reviews the concepts of enunciation in Greimas’s and other semioticians’ works; it examines the way in which these latter revisit Benveniste, the reorientations they propose or the aspects they leave aside, such as the distinction between speaker (as the source of an actualized utterance) and enunciator (as the source of a point of view in a propositional content composed of a modus and a dictum), distinction which, though not present in Benveniste’s work, has been developed afterwards. The article discusses: the link between enunciation and phenomenology, sensoriality and passions; the cognitive processes engaged in the subject’s confrontation to the world which have played a major role in the “post-Greimas” trend and especially in the case of an enunciative praxis that goes beyond narrativity. Nevertheless, this unquestionable enlargement of the notion of enunciation contradicts neither Greimas’s earlier concepts, nor a textual and essentially semiotic approach, due to the attention paid to the structures and to an overall analysis of the materiality of discourse.

On the interest of enunciative postures (co-enunciation, under-enunciation, over-enunciation) for the interpretation of texts (in the classroom) / Sobre el interés de las posturas enunciativas de coenunciación, infraenunciación y supraenunciación para la interpretación de textos (en el aula)

Abstract This article makes a provisional assessment of the question of enunciative postures. It begins by distinguishing co-enunciation and co-locution and defining postures with respect to the role of the enunciators in the co-construction of points of view (POV): co-enunciation corresponds to the speaker’s co-construction of a common POV, which commits them as enunciators. Over-enunciation is defined as an unequal co-construction of a dominating POV and under-enunciation consists of the unequal co-construction of a dominated POV. The second part illustrates the role of these different postures in the analysis and interpretation of texts with the aim of optimising their pedagogical exploitation by defining the enunciative stakes and the interactional positioning underlying in the construction of POV.

Analyse de discours et inégalités sociales: de l’empathie pour les invisibles à l’engagement pour le commun

Resume : L’article analyse le lien entre inegalites sociales et invisibilite puis etudie quelques exemples de luttes de reconnaissance. Il interroge ensuite les precautions a prendre pour que l’analyse de discours rende compte de l’invisibilite sociale lorsqu’elle est redoublee par l’invisibilite mediatique et linguistique – avec des phenomenes d’effacement enonciatif, de naturalisation, de prise en compte enonciative qui ne vont pas jusqu’a la prise en charge. A cette fin, il liste des conditions epistemologiques, methodologiques et theoriques faisant systeme concernant: l’articulation entre linguistique et realite extralinguistique; la problematisation de la notion de representation; le rapport des corpus marginaux a la norme; l’interpretation de la dualite marque/non marque en termes de continuums; la prise en compte des strategies de communication formatees par les situations, par les choix discursifs revelateurs des intentions des locuteurs; une analyse de discours critique (aux antipodes des postures de denonciation en appui sur des verites monologiques); le choix de l’interdisciplinarite; l’analyse empathique – non seulement envers differents acteurs, mais envers des groupes, des facons de penser conflictuelles –, afin de pouvoir mieux penser la place et la contribution des uns et des autres dans la co-construction d’un (bien) commun partage. Mots-cles : Invisibilite sociale; mobilite empathique; engagement desengage; commun; interdisciplinarite. Abstract : The paper first examines the relationship between social inequalities and invisibility as well as several examples of battles for recognition. It then raises the question of the precautions that should be taken so that discourse analysis illustrate social invisibility doubled by a media-related and linguistic invisibility – related to phenomena of enunciative effacement, naturalization, enunciative consideration which do not lead to commitment (“prise en charge”). In this respect, the paper enumerates the epistemological, methodological and theoretical conditions that are creating a system: the relationships between linguistics and extralinguistic reality; the problematization of the notion of representation; the relationships between marginal corpora and the norm; the interpretation of the marked/non-marked dichotomy in terms of continuums; the consideration of communication strategies formatted by situations and discursive choices revealing the speakers’ intentions; a critical discourse analysis (as opposed to the postures of denunciation supporting monological truths); the choice of interdisciplinarity; empathic analysis – not only towards different actors but towards groups or conflictual ways of thinking –, in order to better conceptualize everyone’s place and contribution in the co-construction of a shared common good. Keywords : Social Invisibility; Empathic Mobility; Disengaged Commitment; Commons; Interdisciplinarity.

L'alternance des tu et des vous dans Le Deutéronome » : deux points de vue sur le rapport des fils d'Israël à l'Alliance

Alain Rabatel [*] explique, dans le cadre d’une approche synchronique du texte fondee sur la theorie enonciative du point de vue, l’alternance des « tu » et des « vous » d’adresse aux fils d’Israel dans le Deuteronome. Le « tu » installe les Israelites dans l’alliance, referant a Israel en tant que nation elue (l’Israel transgenerationnel). Le « vous » met en relief la distension des liens privilegies entre le peuple elu et Dieu (du fait du non-respect de la promesse, des rites, lois et interdits), evoquant les vicissitudes historiques du peuple. Se degagent ainsi les voies d’un etre-au-monde juif et, au-dela, d’un etre-au-monde du croyant, en perpetuelle tension entre grâce et peche, s’efforcant de surmonter ses epreuves selon une eschatologie transcendante toujours menacee, et invitant a de nouveaux efforts.