Alan Bedford

ON CLARK-WATSON'S TRIPARTITE MODEL OF ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION

Clark and Watsons tripartite model of anxiety and depression symptoms is reinterpreted using their data. It is suggested that a parsimonious view of the factor loadings is a three-factor structure of “general psychological distress,” “high positive affect,” and “somatic anxiety.”

The Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory (DSSI): construction, applications and structural analyses

Abstract This is the third and last report in a series of three articles reviewing and reassessing the late Graham Foulds theoretical conceptions of personality disturbance and personal illness and the scales that were developed to assess them. We have already reported on the Personality Deviance Scales (PDS; Deary et al., 1995 ) and the Personal Disturbance Scale (DSSI/sAD; Bedford and Deary, 1997 ). The present report concerns the Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory (DSSI). The literature on this instrument is reviewed under three broad headings: theoretical background and technical aspects, clinical reviews and other studies. Multivariate analyses of the DSSIs 12 subscales and total structure are reported. All 12 subscales have adequate psychometric characteristics. The higher order structure of the instrument reveals two clear but correlated factors of anxiety and depression-elation. Interpretation of a third higher order factor is less certain. A brief overall assessment of Foulds contribution to differential clinical psychology is made and it is concluded that his theories and clinical psychometric instruments have lasting value

The structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) : An appraisal with normal, psychiatric and medical patient subjects

Abstract Four published studies which include factor analyses of the items of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) are reviewed and new data on psychiatric out-patients are presented. By contrast with the rest, the two studies in English with British subjects clearly support the interpretation of the HAD as a bidimensional measure. However, one anxiety item appears sex-related and misaligned. The problem of item meaning in other cultures is raised. Overall, despite the HADs use internationally, there has been a lack of systematic structural evaluation.

Mokken scaling and principal components analyses of the CORE-OM in a large clinical sample

In a sample of 543 adult National Health Service (NHS) patients referred to a Psychological Therapies Service, the responses to the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM) self-report questionnaire were examined using conventional principal components analysis (PCA) and a unique application of Mokken Scaling Procedure (MSP). Following the theoretical views of G. A. Foulds, it was suggested that some items more properly belong to the universe of attitudes and traits rather than that of symptoms and states. Accordingly, the analyses were carried out both with and without the CORE-OM Risk domain items. Both PCAs produced a very large first component of Psychological distress, while the small second component differs. With all items included, the second component was of Risk. With the risk items excluded, the second component was now Functioning. The MSP results, respectively, were of a five-item scale of Functioning (impaired by depression) and on the second analysis, a five-item Functioning scale (impaired by anxiety). There was discussion on the criteria for item selection, the time scale specified in questionnaire instructions and the optimum number of items required for a symptom scale. It was concluded that the CORE-OM item pool did not conform to its purported face validity domains and subdomains, but predominantly constitutes a large Psychological distress scale with considerable item redundancy.

The five-factor model (NEO-FFI) and The Personality Deviance Scales-Revised (PDS-R): going around in interpersonal circles

Abstract The two dimensions of the Personality Deviance Scales-Revised [PDS-R; Deary, I.J., Bedford, A., & Fowkes, F.G.R. (1995). The Personality Deviance Scales: their development, associations, factor structure and restructuring. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 175–291 ], the five NEO-Five Factor Inventory Adult Form S domains [NEO-FFI; Costa Jr., P.T., & McCrae, R.R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory and five-factor inventory professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. ] and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory [ Spielberger, C.D. (1989). State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (manual): revised research edition. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources. ] were compared. Intercorrelations of the NEO-FFI and PDS-R were examined in the Edinburgh Artery Study, a community cohort comprising 447 men and 452 women. All the variables were well represented in an orthogonal solution of two principal components, which were dimensions of ‘social anxiety’ (diffidence v. dominance), and ‘hostility–agreeableness’ (nastiness v. niceness). The specificity of ‘hostility’ and ‘submissiveness–dominance’ variables to health research is discussed. These results support the view that the personality traits of the ‘interpersonal circle’ have substantial relevance for both theoretical models and applied research.

The personal disturbance scale (DSSI/sAD): structural cross-validation and proposed short forms

Abstract The Personal Disturbance Scale (DSSI/sAD) is administered to 132 consecutive first attenders at a psychiatric outpatient clinic in a District General Hospital. The principal components and axis analyses of their item scores are compared with those of Bedford and Deary, 1997 [Bedford, A., and Deary, I. J. (1997). The Personal Disturbance Scale (DSSI/sAD): development, use and structure. Personality and Individual Differences , 22 , 493–510.]. From the congruent results of both data bases a subset of items is presented to give brief, factorially-purer independent measures of the clinical states of anxiety and depression as opposed to one general psychological distress score. Contrariwise, indication is given as to which items scores should be summated if concern is for a global personal disturbance scale dependent on the type of client group. The Shevlin et al. (1998) [Shevlin, M., Brunsden, V., and Miles, J. N. V. (1998). Alternative factor models of the Personal Disturbance Scale (DSSI/sAD). Personality and Individual Differences , 25 , 569–574.] alternative structural equation model of a single factor solution (general psychological distress) is tested and found to be inadequate when applied to these data. However, the Bedford and Deary, 1997 nested, three factor model does provide a close and acceptable fit both to this and our previous data set. The question of the balance between psychometric and clinical considerations in determining the length of scales is raised.

The Personality Deviance Scales (PDS): cross-validation, item analyses and scale development

The Personality Deviance Scales (PDS; Bedford, A. & Foulds, G.A., 1978a) have been widely used in clinical settings and the diverse research applications were reviewed by Deary, Bedford and Fowkes (1995) and Bedford (2000). However, no large-scale item-level factor analysis involving clinical subjects has been reported. Hence, with 670 adult psychiatric patients and normal subjects, a principal axis factor analysis was carried out on the PDS 36 items. This resulted in six oblique factor-scales that replicated closely the a priori scales of the original test. A hierarchical factor analysis of these factor scores produced two orthogonal higher order factors identifiable as personal inadequacy (deferential submissiveness, interpersonal dependency and low confidence-capability) and general hostility (expressed hostility, hostile thoughts and distrust-cynicism). Finally, the 17 items of the Personality Deviance Scales-Revised (PDS-R; Deary et al., 1995) were subjected to a principal axis factor analysis with varimax rotation to a two factor solution and were found to replicate substantially the finding of orthogonal scales of hostility and diffidence. These findings further enhance the value and relevance of the PDS primary and secondary scales, and of the PDS-R variables, for use in studies involving their important personality concepts.

Countries of origin of Personality and Individual Differences (PAID) contributors: a comparison of 1999–2001 with 1993–1995

Abstract Comparison is made between the frequency of published contributions to Personality and Individual Differences (PAID) in the periods 1993–1995 and 1999–2001. Eight nations from out of over 30 are found to account for the vast majority of articles on both occasions being led by a Big Two of the USA and the UK. The contribution of ‘continents’ is similarly stable with the Americas leading a Big Three made up of them, the Rest of Europe and the UK. The number of issues per annum has increased recently, affording the opportunity for more articles and a further expansion of contributors.

PERSONALITY DEVIANCE SCALES: PRIMARY SCALE NORMS FOR OLDER ADULTS OF THE GENERAL POPULATION '

Consequent to finding that the primary but not the secondary scales of the Personality Deviance Scales were retrieved in a factor analysis of a general population of older adults (774 men and 740 women), normative data are provided for the first time for the primary scales.