Alceu Mezzalira

Calves born after open pulled straw vitrification of immature bovine oocytes.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the developmental capacity of immature bovine oocytes after vitrification with 20% ethylene glycol (EG)+20% dimethyl sulfoxide (Me(2)SO) and 0.5M sucrose (SUC), by open pulled straw (OPS) technology. The effect of treatment with cytochalasin D before vitrification was also examined. No differences were observed in cleavage and blastocyst rates among the group vitrified without cytochalasin D treatment (Vitri) (49.0% and 6.1%) and that with cytochalasin D treatment before vitrification (CDVitri) (46.4% and 3.6%), but both were lower (P<0.05) than the unvitrified control group (85.1 and 45.9%). Calves were obtained after transfer of fresh and vitrified blastocysts from the Vitri group and after transfer of vitrified blastocysts from the CDVitri group. Cytochalasin D treatment does not improve the development of immature bovine vitrified oocytes. The results show that a small proportion of immature oocytes vitrified with this technology are fully competent to produce blastocysts, which may be transferred immediately or vitrified before transfer, and go on to develop healthy offspring.

Developmental potential of bovine hand-made clone embryos reconstructed by aggregation or fusion with distinct cytoplasmic volumes.

Animal cloning has been associated with developmental abnormalities, with the level of heteroplasmy caused by the procedure being one of its potential limiting factors. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the fusion of hemicytoplasts or aggregation of hemiembryos, varying the final cytoplasmic volume, on development and cell density of embryos produced by hand-made cloning (HMC), parthenogenesis or by in vitro fertilization (IVF). One or two enucleated hemicytoplasts were paired and fused with one skin somatic cell. Activated clone and zona-free parthenote embryos and hemiembryos were in vitro cultured in the well-of-the-well (WOW) system, being allocated to one of six experimental groups, on a per WOW basis: single clone or parthenote hemiembryos (1 x 50%); aggregation of two (2 x 50%), three (3 x 50%), or four (4 x 50%) clone or parthenote hemiembryos; single clone or parthenote embryos (1 x 100%); or aggregation of two clone or parthenote embryos (2 x 100%). Control zona-intact parthenote or IVF embryos were in vitro cultured in four-well dishes. Results indicated that the increase in the number of aggregated structures within each WOW was followed by a linear increase in cleavage, blastocyst rate, and cell density. The increase in cytoplasmic volume, either by fusion or by aggregation, had a positive effect on embryo development, supporting the establishment of pregnancies and the birth of a viable clone calf after transfer to recipients. However, embryo aggregation did not improve development on a hemicytoplast basis, except for the aggregation of two clone embryos.

Vacuum-cooled liquid nitrogen increases the developmental ability of vitrified-warmed bovine oocytes

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of vacuum-cooled liquid nitrogen on the development of vitrified immature (germinal vesicle stage; GV) and mature (metaphase II; MII) bovine oocytes after re-warming. Liquid nitrogen was exposed to either atmospheric pressure or to a vacuum (300mm Hg for 45sec); the latter decreased the temperature of the liquid nitrogen to -200°C. Partially denuded oocytes were vitrified either just after selection (GV) or after 22 hours of in vitro maturation (MII) in TCM 199 medium + 10% of estrous mare serum. For vitrification, oocytes were firstly exposed to an intermediate solution (10% EG + 10% DMSO) for 30sec, followed by the vitrification solution (20% EG + 20% DMSO + 0.5M sucrose) for 20sec. Groups of three or four oocytes were loaded into an open-pulled-straw and directly plunged into liquid nitrogen. Oocytes were subsequently rewarmed by exposure to air (25°C) for 4sec, followed by 5 min exposure to decreasing concentrations (0.3 and 0.15M) of sucrose. Fertilization (Day 0) was done with 2 x 10 6 spermatozoa mL -1 (selected by a swim-up procedure) and incubated for 18 to 22 hours. Presumptive zygotes were cultured at 39oC in fourwell dishes with SOFaaci medium, under 5% CO2 and saturated humidity. Cleavage (Day 2) and blastocyst rates (Day 8) were 33.9 and 4.2%, respectively, for GV stage oocytes at atmospheric pressure, 41.2 and 8.8% for GV oocytes under vacuum, 43.5 and 6.7% for MII oocytes at atmospheric pressure, and 53.6 and 10.6% for MII oocytes under vacuum. In conclusion, vacuum-cooled liquid nitrogen improved developmental rates of vitrified-thawed bovine oocytes.

In vitro development of cloned bovine embryos produced by handmade cloning using somatic cells from distinct levels of cell culture confluence.

The relationship between the level of cell confluence near the plateau phase of growth and blastocyst yield following somatic cell cloning is not well understood. We examined the effect of distinct cell culture confluence levels on in vitro development of cloned bovine embryos. In vitro-matured bovine oocytes were manually bisected and selected by DNA staining. One or two enucleated hemi-cytoplasts were paired and fused with an adult skin somatic cell. Cultured skin cells from an adult Nellore cow harvested at three distinct culture confluence levels (70-80, 80-90, and >95%) were used for construction of embryos and hemi-embryos. After activation, structures were cultured in vitro as one embryo (1 x 100%) or as aggregates of two hemi-embryos (2 x 50%) per microwell. Fusion, cleavage and blastocyst rates were compared using the chi(2) test. The fusion rate for hemi-embryos (51.4%) was lower than for embryos (67.6%), with no influence of degree of cell confluence. However, blastocyst rates improved linearly (7.0, 17.5, and 29.4%) with increases in cell confluence. We conclude that degree of cell culture confluence significantly influences subsequent embryo development; use of a cell population in high confluence (>90%) for nuclear transfer significantly improved blastocyst yield after cloning.

Microbiological and functional evaluation of an alternative device (OB®) for estrous synchronization in ewes

The use of synthetic progestagens released by vaginal devices is an important tool to overcome the reproductive seasonality in sheep, but cost and/or subsequent vaginitis are limiting factors for their use. To identify economic, simple and innocuous alternative vaginal devices for estrous synchronization/induction protocols in sheep, this study aimed to evaluate the microbiological and functional viability of the human vaginal tampons (OB®) impregnated with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP) on reproductive performance of ewes. The study compared them with commercial vaginal inserts (CIDR®) and polyurethane sponges impregnated with MAP. In Experiment 1, the device loss rate, the degree of vaginitis during the device removal, the count and identification of bacterial colonies at the device insertion and removal, and efficiency in estrous synchronization and estrus temporal distribution were evaluated. Pubertal ewes at the beginning of the breeding season were randomly allocated to three experimental groups: CIDR®, PSP (polyurethane sponge) and OB®. No device losses occurred in any group, but the use of OB® caused milder signs of vaginitis than polyurethane sponges, with a similar vaginal bacterial growth and microbiota than the CIDR group. The estrus distribution was more disperse in the CIDR than PSP or OB groups. In Experiment 2, pregnancy rates using CIDR® or OB® devices were compared, with estrus manifestation (85.4% and 89.8%) and pregnancy rates (58.3% and 49.0%) being similar between groups (P>0.05), respectively. In conclusion, the use of human intra-vaginal tampons (OB®) impregnated with MAP was proven highly hygienic, practical and effective as a low-cost alternative for estrous synchronization and AI in sheep.

Production of Bovine Hand-Made Cloned Embryos by Zygote–Oocyte Cytoplasmic Hemi-complementation

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the cytoplast type and activation process on development of cloned embryos. Bovine oocytes (MII) or zygotes at the one-cell stage (IVF) were manually bisected and segregated in MII or IVF hemi-cytoplasts or hemi-karyoplasts. Adult skin cells from a bovine female were used as nucleus donors (SC). Experimental groups were composed of IVF embryos; parthenogenetic embryos; hand-made cloned (HMC) embryos; and reconstructed HMC embryos using IVF hemi-cytoplast + MII hemi-cytoplast + SC (G-I); IVF hemi-cytoplast + IVF hemi-cytoplast + SC (G-II); MII hemi-cytoplast + IVF hemi-karyoplast (G-III); and IVF hemi-cytoplast + IVF hemi-karyoplast (G-IV). Embryos from G-I to G-IV were allocated to subgroups as sperm-activated (SA) or were further chemically activated (SA + CA). Embryos from all groups and subgroups were in vitro cultured in the WOW system. Blastocyst development in subgroup G-I SA (28.2%) was similar to IVF (27.0%) and HMC (31.4%) controls, perhaps due to a to a more suitable activation process and/or better complementation of cytoplasmic reprogramming factors, with the other groups and subgroups having lower levels of development. No blastocyst development was observed when using IVF hemi-karyoplasts (G-III and G-IV), possibly due to the manipulation process during a sensitive biological period. In summary, the presence of cytoplasmic factors from MII hemi-oocytes and the sperm activation process from hemi-zygotes appear to be necessary for adequate in vitro development, as only the zygote-oocyte hemi-complementation was as efficient as controls for the generation of bovine cloned blastocysts.

Internal artificial vagina (IAV) to assess breeding behavior of young Bos taurus and Bos indicus bulls

Bull breeding soundness evaluation (BBSE) usually neglects the libido and mating ability evaluation. The internal artificial vagina (IAV) permits semen sampling, as well as mating ability evaluation. Few studies have been performed using IAV with young bulls and there are none with Bos indicus bulls. The present study evaluated sexual behavior, mating ability and semen quality in young Bos taurus (Devon) and B. indicus (Nellore) bulls using the IAV device. In the first experiment, 52 Devon bulls, 18-25 months old were observed, and the behavior and mating ability recorded over a 10-min period within a restrained mount-cow with an IAV inserted. In the second experiment, 20 Nellore bulls, 20-30 months old were evaluated over a 20 min period. Of the 52 Devon bulls, 45 (86.5%) had semen recovered with the IAV, 31 (69.0%) were considered satisfactory. Nellore bulls exhibited a different sexual behavior, with 10 bulls not showing any interest in the females. Four bulls demonstrated sexual interest only once, e.g., sniffing, two showed interest on more than one occasion, and four had more than two mounts or mounting attempts. None out of the Nellore bulls was collected with IAV. The IAV was an effective and welfare-promoting animal technology for the evaluation of semen quality and mating ability of B. taurus bulls. However, the IAV was not adequate for young Nellore bulls, probably due to their quiescent sexual behavior and delayed sexual maturity. Further studies are needed to evaluate the performance of the IAV for older Nellore bulls.

Produção in vitro de embriões bovinos com soro de égua ou de vaca em estro com ou sem a adição de LH/FSH

A thousand two hundread and seventy-one oocytes were allocated in four treatments, in order to evaluate the influence of the addition of FSH and LH on in vitro production of bovine embryos, with oestrous cow serum (OCS) or mare´s serum obtained at the first day of estrus (OMS). In all treatments oocytes were matured with TCM199 + 5.95mg/ml Hepes and 0.025mg/ml sodium pyruvate and 2.2mg/ml of sodium bicarbonate, supplemented with 10% OMS (ES), 10% of OCS (VS), 10% of OMS + LHb + rFSHh (EH) and 10% of OCS + LHb + rFSHh (VH). All the treatments groups were matured in a controlled incubator at 39oC with 5% CO2 and saturated humidity for 22-24h. IVF was performed in TALP-FERT for 18-20h, with a pool of Bos taurus semen selected by swim up procedure in TALP-SPERM with 1x106 spermatozoa/ml dose, and cultured for 8 days under SOF medium + 5% OMS (ES and EH) or OCS (VS and VH). The 72% of cleavage rate obtained for treatment VH and 61% obtained in the VS group were significantly less (p<0.05) than treatments EH (80%), ES (80%). Blastocyst rates at D7 after insemination for treatments ES (32%), EH (28%) and VH (27%) were significantly superior than the 20% obtained on VS group (p<0.05). Evaluations at D9 demonstrated higher blastocyst rates in treatment ES (31%) and EH (29%) when compared with treatment VS (22%), but no differences were detected when compared to the VH (24%). These results suggest that the utilization of OCS, the supplementation with FSH and LH renders an increase on blastocyst rates and, that the utilization of MS, even without FSH and LH, shows similar results as those obtained with OCS plus hormones.

Vitrificação de oócitos e embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro e expostos à citocalasina B

In this study, the influence of cytochalasin B on the survival and development after vitrification of oocytes and in vitro produced (IVP) bovine blastocysts was evaluated. In the Experiment I, 956 oocytes were matured for 22h and were immediately vitrified (Vitri treatment) or exposed for 15-20 minutes, to 7.5µg/ml (CB7.5Vitri treatment) or 45µg/ml (CB45Vitri treatment) cytochalasin B solutions, before vitrification. After 30 seconds of exposure to SV1 [400µl TCM-Hepes with 10% fetal serum (SF), 50µl ethylene glycol (EG) and 50µl DMSO], and 20 seconds to SV2 (300µl trehalose 1,0M + 20% SF, 100µl EG and 100µl DMSO) solutions, the oocytes were vitrified in Open Pulled Straws (OPS). The rewarming was performed at 37-38oC in two steps of 5 minutes each, into 0.3 and 0.15M trehalose solutions, respectively. There was no difference (P>0.05) in the cleavage and embryo rates between Vitri, Cito7.5Vitri and Cito45Vitri treatments, which were inferior to control group (P 0.05), which were lower than those observed in the Control group (P<0.05). The results show that, independently of dose studied (7.5 or 45mg/ml), cytochalasin B has not a beneficial effect to the vitrification of oocytes and IVP bovine blastocysts.

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection after Vitrification of Immature Oocytes in Follicular Fluid Increases Bovine Embryo Production

Background: Despite the low efficiency caused by its harmful effects, vitrification is the technique of choice for oocyte cryopeservation, especially at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage. This enables the banking of female gametes without linkage to the male genotype. Follicular fluid (FF), in vivo, is known to provide an adequate environment to the immature oocyte. The intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), by the other hand, can be used to bypass any sperm penetration disorder, including the ones caused by cryopreservation. This study aimed to evaluate oocyte vitrification in FF based solution, and to asses ICSI efficiency in the fertilization of vitrified/warmed bovine GV oocytes. Material, Methods & Results: Follicles of 2-8 mm in diameter were aspirated from bovine ovaries obtained from a slaughterhouse, selected and maintained into FF from aspiration, until their allocation in the experimental groups. The FF used to prepare the vitrification solution was centrifuged, heat inactivated, filtered through a 0.22 mm pore and stored at -20°C. Oocyte vitrification was done into one of these three solutions: The standard solution TCM-Hepes (TH-Vitri) was compared to a totally FF based solution (FF-Vitri), and to a 50:50 (v/v) mix of both solutions (TH:FF-Vitri). Oocytes were submitted to in vitro embryo production in order to assess embryo production efficiency. A second set of experiments using the FF-Vitri solution compared IVF versus ICSI. With basis on cleaved structures, the morula + blastocyst rate obtained in the Fresh Control (43.9%) was similar to FF-Vitri (31.1%). Conversely, the TH-Vitri (15.7%) and the TH:FF-Vitri (20.4%) rates were significantly lower than the Fresh Control. ICSI showed a positive effect in comparison with IVF. The embryo development rate of Vitri-IVF (18.8%) was the lowest, whereas Vitri-ICSI (37.3%) was similar to the Fresh-IVF (43.9%), but lower than the Fresh-ICSI (57.8%). Discussion: Oocytes cryopreserved in TH based solution are known to show certain rigidity in the zona pellucida, being this event a possible cause to spermatozoa penetration disruption. Our results agree with that, since the fertilization rate for TH-Vitri was significantly lower than for the FF-Vitri. In contrast, GV oocytes vitrified in total versus partial FF based solution showed similar maturation and fertilization rates as the Fresh Control, evidencing the beneficial effect of FF during the course of vitrification. It is possible that FF helped to adjust oocyte maturation, allowing a better nuclear-cytoplasmic synchrony. Also, it might have provided some protection due to its antioxidant properties. The releasing of cortical granules induced by freezing, lead to a zona pellucida hardening and failure in sperm penetration. Factors present in the FF might block this premature releasing of cortical granules, thus ensuring that the egg retains its ability to be fertilized after maturation. The blastocysts produced from the FF-Vitri oocytes were the only ones that had the average ICM similar to the Fresh Control, evidencing that besides the similarity in morula + blastocyst rates, the embryos derived from oocytes vitrified in FF solution have also yielded best quality. When vitrified warmed oocytes were submitted to ICSI, there was an increase in the blastocyst production. This increment of embryo production with ICSI evidences a pathway to overcome the zona pellucida biological barrier. In conclusion, the use of FF as base for vitrification solution improves further embryo development; ICSI increases the embryo production of vitrified/warmed bovine GV stage oocytes.