Alejandro Díaz-Caro

A Type System for the Vectorial Aspect of the Linear-Algebraic Lambda-Calculus

We describe a type system for the linear-algebraic lambda-calculus. The type system accounts for the part of the language emulating linear operators and vectors, i.e. it is able to statically describe the linear combinations of terms resulting from the reduction of programs. This gives rise to an original type theory where types, in the same way as terms, can be superposed into linear combinations. We show that the resulting typed lambda-calculus is strongly normalizing and features a weak subject-reduction.

Linearity in the Non-deterministic Call-by-Value Setting

We consider the non-deterministic extension of the call-by-value lambda calculus, which corresponds to the additive fragment of the linear-algebraic lambda-calculus. We define a fine-grained type system, capturing the right linearity present in such formalisms. After proving the subject reduction and the strong normalisation properties, we propose a translation of this calculus into the System F with pairs, which corresponds to a non linear fragment of linear logic. The translation provides a deeper understanding of the linearity in our setting.

Call-by-value, call-by-name and the vectorial behaviour of the algebraic λ-calculus

We examine the relationship between the algebraic lambda-calculus, a fragment of the differential lambda-calculus and the linear-algebraic lambda-calculus, a candidate lambda-calculus for quantum computation. Both calculi are algebraic: each one is equipped with an additive and a scalar-multiplicative structure, and their set of terms is closed under linear combinations. However, the two languages were built using different approaches: the former is a call-by-name language whereas the latter is call-by-value; the former considers algebraic equalities whereas the latter approaches them through rewrite rules. In this paper, we analyse how these different approaches relate to one another. To this end, we propose four canonical languages based on each of the possible choices: call-by-name versus call-by-value, algebraic equality versus algebraic rewriting. We show that the various languages simulate one another. Due to subtle interaction between beta-reduction and algebraic rewriting, to make the languages consistent some additional hypotheses such as confluence or normalisation might be required. We carefully devise the required properties for each proof, making them general enough to be valid for any sub-language satisfying the corresponding properties.

Call-by-Value Non-determinism in a Linear Logic Type Discipline

We consider the call-by-value λ-calculus extended with a may-convergent non-deterministic choice and a must-convergent parallel composition. Inspired by recent works on the relational semantics of linear logic and non-idempotent intersection types, we endow this calculus with a type system based on the so-called Girard’s second translation of intuitionistic logic into linear logic. We prove that a term is typable if and only if it is converging, and that its typing tree carries enough information to give a bound on the length of its lazy call-by-value reduction. Moreover, when the typing tree is minimal, such a bound becomes the exact length of the reduction.

Non determinism through type isomorphism

We define an equivalence relation on propositions and a proof system where equivalent propositions have the same proofs. The system obtained this way resembles several known non-deterministic and algebraic lambda-calculi.

The probability of non-confluent systems.

We show how to provide a structure of probability space to the set of execution traces on a non-confluent abstract rewrite system, by defining a variant of a Lebesgue measure on the space of traces. Then, we show how to use this probability space to transform a non-deterministic calculus into a probabilistic one. We use as example Lambda+, a recently introduced calculus defined through type isomorphisms.

Isomorphisms considered as equalities: Projecting functions and enhancing partial application through an implementation of λ +

We propose an implementation of λ+, a recently introduced simply typed lambda-calculus with pairs where isomorphic types are made equal. The rewrite system of λ+ is a rewrite system modulo an equivalence relation, which makes its implementation non-trivial. We also extend λ+ with natural numbers and general recursion and use Bekićs theorem to split mutual recursions. This splitting, together with the features of λ+, allows for a novel way of program transformation by reduction, by projecting a function before it is applied in order to simplify it. Also, currying together with the associativity and commutativity of pairs gives an enhanced form of partial application.