Alexander Gersten

Maxwell’s Equations as the One-Photon Quantum Equation

Maxwell’s equations (the Faraday and Ampère-Maxwell laws) can be presented as a three-component equation in a way similar to the two-component neutrino equation. However, in this case, the electric and magnetic Gauss laws can not be derived from first principles. We have shown how all Maxwell equations can be derived simultaneously from first principles, similar to those which have been used to derive the Dirac relativistic electron equation. We have also shown that equations for massless particles, derived by Dirac in 1936, lead to the same result. The complex wave function, being a linear combination of the electric and magnetic fields, is a locally measurable and well understood quantity. Therefore Maxwell equations should be used as a guideline for proper interpretations of quantum theories.

Euclidean Special Relativity

New four coordinates are introduced which are related to the usual space-time coordinates. For these coordinates, the Euclidean four-dimensional length squared is equal to the interval squared of the Minkowski space. The Lorentz transformation, for the new coordinates, becomes an SO(4) rotation. New scalars (invariants) are derived. A second approach to the Lorentz transformation is presented. A mixed space is generated by interchanging the notion of time and proper time in inertial frames. Within this approach the Lorentz transformation is a 4-dimensional rotation in an Euclidean space, leading to new possibilities and applications.

Dirac's Representation Theory as a Framework for Signal Theory: I. Discrete Finite Signals

Abstract We demonstrate that the Dirac representation theory can be effectively adjusted and applied to signal theory. The main emphasis is on orthogonality as the principal physical requirement. The particular role of the identity and projection operators is stressed. A Dirac space is defined, which is spanned by an orthonormal basis labeled with the time points. An infinite number of orthonormal bases are found which are labeled with frequencies; these bases are distinguished by the continuous parameterα. In a way, similar to one used in quantum mechanics, self-adjoint operators (observables) and averages (expectation values) are defined. Non-orthonormal bases are discussed and it is shown, in an example, that they are less stable than the orthonormal ones. A variant of the sampling theorem for finite signals is derived. The aliasing phenomenon is described in the paper in terms of aliasing symmetry. Relations between different bases are derived. The uncertainty principle for finite signals is discussed

Simultaneous heating and temperature measurements by an infrared laser beam.

A method of simultaneous heating and temperature measuring of a gas absorber by means of an ir CO(2) laser is proposed and tested. The proposed method is relatively simple and direct. In this experiment the temperature on the beam axis as a function of the beam intensity, the beam radius, and the absorber mixture is measured. A good agreement is obtained between the experimental results and theoretical predictions based on the level scheme and the physical characteristics of the absorber. The temperature measurement proposed in the present paper is an additional experimental tool in investigating excitation processes in the ir region.

QUANTUM EQUATIONS FOR MASSLESS PARTICLES OF ANY SPIN

AbstractBy decomposing the mass squared operator for zero mass particles of spin s we obtain one-particle quantum equations for any spin on which 2s−1 subsidiary conditions are imposed. The derived equations are consistent with the two component neutrino equation and the Maxwell equations. Subsidiary conditions for the spins 1,

Consistent quantization of massless fields of any spin

\frac{3}{2}

Dirac's Representation Theory as a Framework for Signal Theory: II. Infinite Duration and Continuous Signals

, and 2 are presented.

Consistent quantization of massless fields of any spin and the generalized Maxwell's equations

Abstract The observation that, in a time-irreversible one-boson-exchange nucleon-nucleon potential model due to Bryan and Gersten, T-violation occurs mostly in the lowest-permitted angular momentum states, leads us to construct a phase-shift parameterization of the 50 to 450 MeV NN data where T-violation takes place only in the lowest possible angular momentum states. The five ordinary (T-symmetric) Wolfenstein amplitudes are taken from phase shift analysis, and the sixth, T-asymmetric amplitude, t(θ), is parameterized by a single infinitesimal phase parameter λ1(λ2) in the case of np(pp) scattering. This leads to unique predictions for the relative angular distributions of time-reversal-asymmetric observables P − a and PA − PB, even though the absolute magnitudes remain undetermined. The model corresponds to an ordinary interaction that yields the usual experimental data, plus a superimposed very short-range T-noninvariant force. As such, it directs experimentalists to those angular regions of pp and np P − a and PA − PB measurements where T-violation due to short-range forces will be most strongly manifest. As the model incorporates isospin invariance, known to hold only at the few-percent level in np scattering, the predictions are likely to have greater significance in the case of pp scattering.