Alexander W. Evans

The classification of the Hepaticae

Students of the Hepaticae have long been interested in the evolution of the group and have made repeated attempts to arrange the families and genera in one or more phylogenetic sequences. The earlier writers in this field assumed that the primitive Hepaticae must have been simply organized plants, not only with respect to their external configuration but also with respect to their histological structure. From plants of this character, they assumed, more advanced types arose by progressive differentiation. In some cases, according to their ideas, this took place predominantly in the gametophyte and in other cases in the sporophyte; and it expressed itself, in a general way, by an increase in the complexity of the external form, by an increase in the complexity of the histological structure, or by a combination of the two. They assumed further that the Hepaticae arose as a monophyletic group from the green algae and that they gave rise, by further differentiation, to the Musci, pteridophytes and other more highly organized groups of terrestrial plants. The earlier writers not only made these various assumptions but, to a certain extent at least, considered that certain representatives of our present day hepatic flora might be looked upon as the actual ancestors of certain other, more complex representatives. At any rate this would be the natural interpretation of some of the phylogenetic diagrams that have been constructed. Under such circumstances the evolutionary progress of the simpler type would have come to an end at a definite stage, whereas that of the more complex type would have advanced beyond that stage. These earlier conceptions may be illustrated by definite examples. In the sporophyte generation, Riccia exhibits the simplest type of structure found in the group. The spherical form of this sporophyte, the non-differentiation into organs, the slight cell-differentiation, the limited growth, and the relatively large volume involved in spore-formation are all indicative of this simplicity and were

A departure from history: Kashmiri Pandits, 1990-2001

Most Kashmiri Pandits living in the Kashmir Valley left in 1990 as militant violence engulfed the state. Some 95% of the 160,000-170,000 community left in what is often described as a case of ethnic cleansing. Why did they leave? What political movements have followed? Much of the present focus is on those who have left, but the small minority who remain in the Kashmir Valley may be more important in determining what kind of society Kashmir becomes.

Managing Carbon Sequestration and Storage in Temperate and Boreal Forests

If carbon stocks and fluxes in temperate and boreal forests are to be included among efforts to mitigate global climate change, forest managers and policy makers must understand how management affects the carbon budgets in these systems. This chapter examines the effects of management of carbon sequestration, storage, and flux in temperate and boreal forests. Particular silvicultural points considered are drained wetlands, thinning, extending rotation lengths, and fertilization. Management considerations discussed included leakage, additionality, defining baselines and emissions from management operations.

Report on the Hepaticae of Nebraska

All these small species are probably much more common than generally supposed by moss students but are overlooked because they are not easily seen without the aid of a hand lens. Little is known of their distribution over the country as so few collectors see them. They have been collected sparingly along the Atlantic Seaboard from Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana and several species have been found growing on the Pacific coast, but what species may occur in our inland states is largely unknown. I would be glad to receive Ephemerum species for determination from any collector and from any region. NEW YORK, N. Y.

Additions to the Hepatic Flora of Quebec

odon callichrous, Plagiochila punctata, Adelanthus decipiens, Bazzania trilobata, and B. tricrenata, deep masses of Plagiochila spinulosa, and isolated stems of Hylocomium umbratum. It is on such shady rocks as this that Saccogyna viticulosa fruits. The plant occurs in a fine patch on the rocks shown, but is sterile. It fruits, however, in the district. Lower down the valley great cushions of Sphagnum strike the attention, chiefly S. rubellum and S. molluscum. Leucobryum glaucum, everywhere common in North Wales, is here found fruiting; and on the trunks of the conifers yellowish patches may be seen, which are formed by Microlejeunea ulicina. Breutelia is abundant, and Mr. Jones pointed out fruiting specimens, on a wall near the ravine. Should any bryologist wish to study the Atlantic bryophytic flora at first hand, he could hardly do better than make a stay at Harlech, where he will receive a welcome and every assistance from Mr. Jones. EDGBASTON, BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND, II OCT. 1915.

Continuity and change in Pakistani politics1

Pakistans political system is anchored around a series of patronage networks that favour continuity over radical change. These networks are not immune from social, economic and political change, although these tend to reshape rather than restructure the system. Pakistani nationalism will likely influence Pakistani politics more than Islamism.

The Identity of Cladonia pileolata

MACOUN, J. 1902. Catalogue of Canadian plants. 7: 260. Ottawa. MONKEMEYER, W. 1927. Die Laubmoose Europas. Leipzig. NICHOLS, G. E. 1922. The bryophytes of Michigan with particular reference to the Douglas Lake region. BRYOLOGIST 25: 41-58. . I925. The bryophytes of Michigan, with particular reference to the Douglas Lake region. II. BRYOLOGIST 28: 73-75. . 1933. Notes on Michigan bryophytes. II. BRYOLOGIST 36: 69-78. STEERE, W. C. I934a. Unreported or otherwise interesting bryophytes from Michigan. BRYOLOGIST 37: 57-62. . I934b. The bryophytes of the Chase S. Osborn Preserve of the University of Michigan, Sugar Island, Chippewa County, Michigan. Amer. Midl. Nat. 15: 76I-769.

Notes on North American Hepaticae. II

In the first paper of this series, published in the BRYOLOGIST for March, 1910, attention is called to ten species of Hepaticae of more or less interest. In the present paper ten additional species are discussed, the most important being Neesiella pilosa, the relationships of which are still incompletely understood. The three species of Lejeuneae from Florida have already been reported upon in the writers recent paper on the Hepaticae of the Bahama Islands.1 It seems advisable, however, to mention them again because they represent distinct additions to the flora of the United States.