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Featured researches published by Alexandra Livarda.


Environmental Archaeology | 2008

New Plant Foods in Roman Britain — Dispersal and Social Access

Marijke van der Veen; Alexandra Livarda; Alistair Hill

Abstract This paper presents the first detailed review of all archaeobotanical records from Roman Britain. It reveals that some 50 new plants food (mostly fruits, herbs and vegetables) were introduced into this country during the Roman period. These introductions represent a major diversification of the plant component of the British diet at this time, adding important nutrients, variety of flavours, ways of expressing cultural identity, as well as social status. The geographical, chronological and social dispersal of these foods is analysed and three dispersal patterns and at least four consumer groups are identified. Methodological issues are discussed and gaps in the data highlighted. The role of these foods in expressions of cultural identity is briefly discussed, as is the impact of their introduction on the productive capacity of the agricultural economy.


Britannia | 2007

The Archaeobotany of Roman Britain: Current State and Identification of Research Priorities

Marijke van der Veen; Alexandra Livarda; Alistair Hill

This paper was published as Britannia, 2007, 38, pp. 181-210. It is also available from http://www.romansociety.org/webbrit07.htm#Archaeobotany. This paper appears in the LRA with the permission of the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.


Functional Ecology | 2017

How did the domestication of Fertile Crescent grain crops increase their yields

Catherine Preece; Alexandra Livarda; Pascal-Antoine Christin; Michael Wallace; Gemma Martin; Michael Charles; Glynis Jones; Mark Rees; Colin P. Osborne

Summary The origins of agriculture, 10 000 years ago, led to profound changes in the biology of plants exploited as grain crops, through the process of domestication. This special case of evolution under cultivation led to domesticated cereals and pulses requiring humans for their dispersal, but the accompanying mechanisms causing higher productivity in these plants remain unknown. The classical view of crop domestication is narrow, focusing on reproductive and seed traits including the dispersal, dormancy and size of seeds, without considering whole‐plant characteristics. However, the effects of initial domestication events can be inferred from consistent differences between traditional landraces and their wild progenitors. We studied how domestication increased the yields of Fertile Crescent cereals and pulses using a greenhouse experiment to compare landraces with wild progenitors. We grew eight crops: barley, einkorn and emmer wheat, oat, rye, chickpea, lentil and pea. In each case, comparison of multiple landraces with their wild progenitors enabled us to quantify the effects of domestication rather than subsequent crop diversification. To reveal the mechanisms underpinning domestication‐linked yield increases, we measured traits beyond those classically associated with domestication, including the rate and duration of growth, reproductive allocation, plant size and also seed mass and number. Cereal and pulse crops had on average 50% higher yields than their wild progenitors, resulting from a 40% greater final plant size, 90% greater individual seed mass and 38% less chaff or pod material, although this varied between species. Cereal crops also had a higher seed number per spike compared with their wild ancestors. However, there were no differences in growth rate, total seed number, proportion of reproductive biomass or the duration of growth. The domestication of Fertile Crescent crops resulted in larger seed size leading to a larger plant size, and also a reduction in chaff, with no decrease in seed number per individual, which proved a powerful package of traits for increasing yield. We propose that the important steps in the domestication process should be reconsidered, and the domestication syndrome broadened to include a wider range of traits.


New Phytologist | 2015

Were Fertile Crescent crop progenitors higher yielding than other wild species that were never domesticated

Catherine Preece; Alexandra Livarda; Michael Wallace; Gemma Martin; Michael Charles; Pascal-Antoine Christin; Glynis Jones; Mark Rees; Colin P. Osborne

Summary During the origin of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent, the broad spectrum of wild plant species exploited by hunter‐gatherers narrowed dramatically. The mechanisms responsible for this specialization and the associated domestication of plants are intensely debated. We investigated why some species were domesticated rather than others, and which traits they shared. We tested whether the progenitors of cereal and pulse crops, grown individually, produced a higher yield and less chaff than other wild grasses and legumes, thereby maximizing the return per seed planted and minimizing processing time. We compared harvest traits of species originating from the Fertile Crescent, including those for which there is archaeological evidence of deliberate collection. Unexpectedly, wild crop progenitors in both families had neither higher grain yield nor, in grasses, less chaff, although they did have larger seeds. Moreover, small‐seeded grasses actually returned a higher yield relative to the mass of seeds sown. However, cereal progenitors had threefold fewer seeds per plant, representing a major difference in how seeds are packaged on plants. These data suggest that there was no intrinsic yield advantage to adopting large‐seeded progenitor species as crops. Explaining why Neolithic agriculture was founded on these species, therefore, remains an important unresolved challenge.


Medieval Archaeology | 2013

The Archaeobotany of Medieval Britain (c ad 450–1500): Identifying Research Priorities for the 21st Century

Marijke van der Veen; Alistair Hill; Alexandra Livarda

Abstract BOTANICAL DATA FROM EXCAVATIONS are one of several sources of evidence that can be brought to bear on studies of medieval agriculture, food, diet, trade and environment. Reliable reconstructions of these aspects of medieval life are dependent on the quality of the datasets currently available for study. Here these are assessed and lacunae highlighted. The focus lies on sites where macro-remains of food and agricultural products have been found (eg seeds, grains, chaff and fruit stones). The research has raised several areas of concern, some of which relate to changes in the funding of archaeological projects since 1990 (the rise of development-led archaeology). Research priorities are formulated and suggestions for good practice recommended.


The Annual of the British School at Athens | 2013

The archaeobotany of Neolithic and Bronze Age Crete: synthesis and prospects

Alexandra Livarda; Georgia Kotzamani

This paper explores the full potential of archaeobotanical research in the investigation of issues such as agricultural practices and resource management and mobilisation in shaping the social dynamics of Neolithic and Bronze Age Crete, through a synthesis for the first time of all available archaeobotanical information to date. To this body of data new information is added from six sites: Kephala Petras, Pryniatikos Pyrgos, Aghia Fotia, Knossos Little Palace North, Sissi and Zominthos. A comprehensive methodology is devised using three units of analysis to allow an in-depth study, firstly of the quality of the available dataset and secondly of its content. A total of 80 archaeobotanical records, compiled in one database, are examined in the light of the methods employed for their sampling, recovery and processing. The reliability of the current dataset is assessed, highlighting shortcomings; methodological issues are addressed to improve its quality. These records are then analysed according to their temporal, spatial and contextual distribution across the island. A synthesis of the full resource base, including cereals, legumes, fruits, nuts, condiments and wild species, is conducted, providing a contextualised picture of their availability and use, and identifying lacunae and interpretational potential. On these bases a research agenda is set and future research priorities and new approaches are suggested that place archaeobotany in the core of current archaeological discourse on social models, practices and meanings for prehistoric Crete. Η αρχαιοβοτανική της Κρήτης κατά τη Νεολιθική και την Εποχή Χαλκού: σύνθεση και προοπτικές Το άρθρο αυτό εξετάζει τη δυναμική της αρχαιοβοτανικής έρευνας στη διερεύνηση ζητημάτων σχετικών με τη συμβολή των αγροτικών πρακτικών και της διαχείρισης και διακίνησης των φυτικών πόρων στη διαμόρφωση των κοινωνικών δομών της Κρήτης κατά τη Νεολιθική και την Εποχή Χαλκού, μέσα από τη σύνθεση, για πρώτη φορά, όλων των διαθέσιμων έως σήμερα αρχαιοβοτανικών δεδομένων. Στο πληροφοριακό αυτό σύνολο προστίθενται νέες σχετικές μαρτυρίες από έξι ακόμη αρχαιολογικές θέσεις (Κεφάλα Πετρά, Πρινιάτικος Πύργος, Αγία Φωτιά, Μικρό Ανάκτορο Κνωσσού-Βόρεια, Σίσσυ και घώμινθος). Μέσα από μια νέα, ολοκληρωμένη μεθοδολογική προσέγγιση, που χρησιμοποιεί τρεις ενότητες ανάλυσης, επιχειρείται η σε βάθος μελέτη του περιεχομένου και της ποιότητας των αρχαιοβοτανικών δεδομένων. Ένα σύνολο από 80 εγγραφές, συγκεντρωμένες σε μια κοινή βάση δεδομένων, εξετάζεται ως προς τη μεθοδολογία δειγματοληψίας, συλλογής και επεξεργασίας των αρχαιοβοτανικών δεδομένων. Παράλληλα, επιχειρείται η αποτίμηση της αξιοπιστίας του συνόλου των διαθέσιμων αρχαιοβοτανικών πληροφοριών, υπογραμμίζονται πιθανές ερευνητικές αδυναμίες και προτείνονται μεθοδολογικές διόδοι για την ποιοτική τους βελτίωση. Στη συνέχεια ακολουθεί η ανάλυση των σχετικών δεδομένων με βάση τη χρονική και χωρική τους κατανομή στο νησί λαμβάνοντας υπόψιν την αρχαιολογική τους συνάφεια. Μέσα από αυτήν την αναλυτική προσέγγιση προκύπτει μία σύνθεση ολόκληρου του φάσματος των φυτικών πόρων (δημητριακά, όσπρια, φρούτα, καρποί, αρωματικά φυτά και στοιχεία της άγριας χλωρίδας), διερευνάται η διαθεσιμότητα και οι πιθανές χρήσεις τους και αναγνωρίζονται τα κενά και η ερμηνευτική δυναμική των αρχαιοβοτανικών δεδομένων. Με βάση αυτά επιχειρείται, τέλος, η συγκρότηση ενός ερευνητικού πλαισίου και προτείνονται μελλοντικές προτεραιότητες και προσεγγίσεις της έρευνας, που τοποθετούν την αρχαιοβοτανική στον πυρήνα του σύγχρονου αρχαιολογικού διαλόγου που πραγματεύεται τις έννοιες των κοινωνικών μοντέλων, πρακτικών και νοημάτων αναφορικά με την προϊστορική Κρήτη.


The Annual of the British School at Athens | 2012

THE ARCHAEOBOTANICAL EVIDENCE OF THE LATE BRONZE AGE AND PROTOGEOMETRIC OCCUPATION UNDER THE ROMAN VILLA DIONYSUS, KNOSSOS, CRETE, AND AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROTOGEOMETRIC DATA OF GREECE

Alexandra Livarda

Archaeobotanical material was collected from the Bronze Age fill and the Protogeometric phases underneath the Roman Villa Dionysus, Knossos, Crete. The Bronze Age assemblage was poor, representing only accidental intrusions to a tight fill of sherds and stones. The Protogeometric data were more plentiful, providing a rare glimpse into the everyday life of the period. Glume wheat, barley, legumes, fruits, nuts and several wild species were present across two Protogeometric floors. No significant differences were observed in their spatial and temporal distribution. The plant remains, along with other bio-archaeological classes of material, indicated a series of domestic activities, including cooking and consumption events, the remnants of which gradually accumulated in the habitation floors. The archaeobotanical evidence from Villa Dionysus was then compared with other Protogeometric Cretan and Greek mainland sites. An overview of these sites allowed some general trends to be observed, tentatively suggesting a picture more similar to Bronze Age than Iron Age archaeobotanical assemblages. It also highlighted differences, which would both dictate and be shaped by different socio-economic systems, and the need for more contextualised studies. Οι αρχαιοβοτανικές μαρτυρίες της Ύστερης Εποχής του Χαλκού και της Πρωτογεωμετρικής κατοίκησης κάτω από τη Ρωμαϊκή Βίλλα του Διονύσου, στην Κνωσό της Κρήτης, και επισκόπηση των Πρωτογεωμετρικών δεδομένων από τον Ελλαδικό χώρο Κατά τις τελευταίες ανασκαφές που πραγματοποιήθηκαν κάτω από τη Ρωμαϊκή Βίλλα του Διονύσου στην Κνωσό της Κρήτης, συνελέγη αρχαιοβοτανικό υλικό από στρώματα που χρονολογούνται στην Εποχή του Χαλκού και στην Πρωτογεωμετρική περίοδο. Η αρχαιοβοτανική συγκέντρωση της Εποχής του Χαλκού αποδείχθηκε σχετικά φτωχή, αντιπροσωπεύοντας σποραδικά κατάλοιπα που εισχώρησαν τυχαία στο συμπαγές στρώμα από όστρακα και πέτρες. Τα Πρωτογεωμετρικά δεδομένα ήταν πιο πλούσια, προσφέροντας μια σπάνια ματιά στην καθημερινή ζωή της εποχής αυτής. Σε δύο Πρωτογεωμετρικά δάπεδα εντοπίστηκαν επενδεδυμένα σιτηρά, κριθάρι, όσπρια, φρούτα και άλλοι καρποί καθώς και διάφορα άγρια είδη ενώ δεν παρατηρήθηκαν σημαντικές διαφορές αναφορικά προς τη χωρική και χρονική τους κατανομή. Τα φυτικά κατάλοιπα, καθώς και οι λοιπές βιο-αρχαιολογικές μαρτυρίες, παραπέμπουν σε μια σειρά οικιακών δραστηριοτήτων, όπως το μαγείρεμα, η επεξεργασία και η κατανάλωση τροφής, τα υπολείμματα των οποίων συσσωρεύτηκαν σταδιακά στα αλλεπάλληλα επίπεδα εγκατοίκησης. Τα Πρωτογεωμετρικά αρχαιοβοτανικά ευρήματα από τη Βίλλα του Διονύσου αντιπαρατέθηκαν στη συνέχεια με άλλες θέσεις της ίδιας περιόδου από την Κρήτη και την υπόλοιπη Ελλάδα. Η συνοπτική επισκόπηση των δεδομένων των θέσεων αυτών επέτρεψε την ανίχνευση κάποιων γενικών τάσεων με βαση τις οποίες η ευρύτερη εικόνα των Πρωτογεωμετρικών αρχαιοβοτανικών δεδομένων κρίνεται πιο κοντινή στην αντίστοιχη της Εποχής του Χαλκού παρά σε εκείνη της Εποχής του Σιδήρου. Επίσης, η επισκόπηση των διαθέσιμων πληροφοριών ανέδειξε διαφορές που καθορίζουν αλλά και ταυτόχρονα διαμορφώνονται από τα διαφορετικά κοινωνικο-οικονομικά συστήματα, καθώς και την ανάγκη για περισσότερες συνδιαστικές μελέτες, ερμηνευμένες με βάση τα ιδιαίτερα χαρακτηριστικά των εκάστοτε θέσεων.


Archaeological Reports for | 2014

Archaeobotany in Greece

Alexandra Livarda

This paper provides a brief overview of the history and main achievements of archaeobotanical work in Greece to date, with the aim of highlighting its potential and creating a framework in which future work can be contextualized. The term “archaeobotany” is used here in its narrow sense, referring to the study of plant macroremains, such as seeds, fruits and other plant parts, and excluding charcoal studies or “anthracology” and analyses of microremains (for example pollen, phytoliths), which have developed to become separate subdisciplines.


Antiquity | 2018

The discovery of the earliest specialised Middle Neolithic pottery workshop in western Thessaly, central Greece

Athanasia Krahtopoulou; Anastasia Dimoula; Alexandra Livarda; Niki Saridaki

Disparity in recorded Neolithic activity between the eastern and western Thessaly plain in central Greece is being redressed by the ‘Long Time No See’ landscape project. A recently discovered pottery kiln complex at Magoula Rizava tell site offers exciting new evidence for intra-regional pottery production and circulation during the Middle Neolithic period.


Vegetation History and Archaeobotany | 2011

Spicing up life in northwestern Europe: exotic food plant imports in the Roman and medieval world

Alexandra Livarda

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Gemma Martin

University of Sheffield

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