Alexey V. Ognev

High-density nickel nanowire arrays for data storage applications

This paper is dedicated to a study of magnetic properties (magnetic anisotropy, coercive force and remanent magnetization) of spatially ordered high-density Ni nanowire arrays. The magnetic nanowires were prepared by electrodeposition of nickel from simple sulfate solutions into anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) nanoporous templates (with diameter of d = 20 and 40 nm) fabricated by potentiostatic anodization. We show that Ni nanowires have strong out-of-plane axial magnetic anisotropy (normal to the substrate plane) along with an in-plane anisotropy caused by hexagonal spatial distribution of nanowires in an array. An existence of the six-fold in-plane anisotropy proofs the long-range hexagonal order of nanowires. High quality of nanowire arrays makes possible of its usage as high-density (up to 2Tb/in2) magnetic recording media.

3-D Architectural Approach for Manipulation of the Micromagnetic Configuration in Nanodisks

We report on novel method of manipulation of the micromagnetic configuration realized in 3-D nanostructures “small disk on the big disk”. Our method allows to control vortex chirality in a submicrometer magnetic disk without use of its deformation or defects of shape. Manipulation is performed by means of the fabrication on the top of disk a smaller disk with a diameter 200 nm. This paper shows that it is possible to explicitly set the magnetization direction of the small disk. Thus, the proposed system has four stable magnetic configurations that are uniquely specified by the direction of an external magnetic field.

Magnetization Reversal in the Single Epitaxial Co(111) Nanowires With Step-Induced Anisotropy

A systematic investigation of the magnetization reversal processes is carried out for the single epitaxial Co(111) nanowires possessing step-induced magnetic anisotropy with the easy direction of magnetization oriented perpendicular to the long wire axis. Wires of varying width (500-1800 nm) were patterned by focus ion-beam etching. We separated 3 regions of the NW width: the first is characterized by dominating step-induced magnetic anisotropy, in the second shape anisotropy prevails and in the third two anisotropies are in competition. We establish experimentally mechanisms of the magnetization reversal in the Co(111) nanowires in the directions of magnetic field parallel and perpendicular to the long wire axis in each separated region.

Electrodeposited Co93.2P6.8 nanowire arrays with core-shell microstructure and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy

We demonstrate the formation of an unusual core-shell microstructure in Co93.2P6.8 nanowires electrodeposited by alternating current (ac) in an alumina template. By means of transmission electron microscopy, it is shown that the coaxial-like nanowires contain amorphous and crystalline phases. Analysis of the magnetization data for Co-P alloy nanowires indicates that a ferromagnetic core is surrounded by a weakly ferromagnetic or non-magnetic phase, depending on the phosphor content. The nanowire arrays exhibit an easy axis of magnetization parallel to the wire axis. For this peculiar composition and structure, the coercivity values are 2380 ± 50 and 1260 ± 35 Oe, parallel and perpendicular to the plane directions of magnetization, respectively. This effect is attributed to the core-shell structure making the properties and applications of these nanowires similar to pure cobalt nanowires with an improved perpendicular anisotropy.

Enhanced interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and isolated skyrmions in the inversion-symmetry-broken Ru/Co/W/Ru films

An enhancement of the spin-orbit effects arising on an interface between a ferromagnet (FM) and a heavy metal (HM) is possible through the strong breaking of the structural inversion symmetry in the layered films. Here, we show that an introduction of an ultrathin W interlayer between Co and Ru in Ru/Co/Ru films enables to preserve perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) and simultaneously induce a large interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (iDMI). The study of the spin-wave propagation in the Damon-Eshbach geometry by Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy reveals the drastic increase in the iDMI value with the increase in W thickness (tW). The maximum iDMI of −3.1 erg/cm2 is observed for tW = 0.24 nm, which is 10 times larger than for the quasi-symmetrical Ru/Co/Ru films. We demonstrate the evidence of the spontaneous field-driven nucleation of isolated skyrmions supported by micromagnetic simulations. Magnetic force microscopy measurements reveal the existence of sub-100-nm skyrmions in the zero magnetic field. The ability to simultaneously control the strength of PMA and iDMI in quasi-symmetrical HM/FM/HM trilayer systems through the interface engineered inversion asymmetry at the nanoscale excites new fundamental and practical interest in ultrathin ferromagnets, which are a potential host for stable magnetic skyrmions.An enhancement of the spin-orbit effects arising on an interface between a ferromagnet (FM) and a heavy metal (HM) is possible through the strong breaking of the structural inversion symmetry in the layered films. Here, we show that an introduction of an ultrathin W interlayer between Co and Ru in Ru/Co/Ru films enables to preserve perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) and simultaneously induce a large interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (iDMI). The study of the spin-wave propagation in the Damon-Eshbach geometry by Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy reveals the drastic increase in the iDMI value with the increase in W thickness (tW). The maximum iDMI of −3.1 erg/cm2 is observed for tW = 0.24 nm, which is 10 times larger than for the quasi-symmetrical Ru/Co/Ru films. We demonstrate the evidence of the spontaneous field-driven nucleation of isolated skyrmions supported by micromagnetic simulations. Magnetic force microscopy measurements reveal the existence of sub-100-nm skyrmions in the z...

Vortex manipulation and chirality control in asymmetric bilayer nanomagnets

This paper presents a method of controlling the chirality of magnetic vortex in a permalloy nanodisk having a cobalt nanostripe at the top. Features of magnetization reversal of the disk + stripe nanostructure are investigated using the magneto-optical Kerr effect magnetometer and magnetic force microscope. Micromagnetic simulations reveal peculiarities in the vortex nucleation process and in trajectory of the vortex core under the impact of external magnetic fields.

Fabrication of high-resolution nanostructures of complex geometry by the single-spot nanolithography method

Summary The paper presents a method for the high-resolution production of polymer nanopatterns with controllable geometrical parameters by means of a single-spot electron-beam lithography technique. The essence of the method entails the overexposure of a positive-tone resist, spin-coated onto a substrate where nanoscale spots are exposed to an electron beam with a dose greater than 0.1 pC per dot. A single-spot enables the fabrication of a nanoring, while a chain of spots placed at distance of 5–30 nm from each other allows the production of a polymer pattern of complex geometry of sub-10 nm resolution. We demonstrate that in addition to the naturally oxidized silicon substrates, gold-coated substrates can also successfully be used for the single-spot nanopattering technique. An explanation of the results related to the resist overexposure was demonstrated using Monte Carlo simulations. Our nanofabrication method significantly accelerates (up to 10 times) the fabrication rate as compared to conventional lithography on positive-tone resist. This technique can be potentially employed in the electronics industry for the production of nanoprinted lithography molds, etching masks, nanoelectronics, nanophotonics, NEMS and MEMS devices.

Magnetic Behavior of Single Ni Nanowires and its Arrays Embedded in Highly Ordered Nanoporous Alumina Templates

We report on magnetization reversal and geometry dependent magnetic anisotropy of Ni nanowire arrays electrodeposited in nanoporous alumina templates. Using micromagnetic simulation we have found that magnetization reversal mechanism in arrays with different nanowire diameters is curling. This magnetic behavior appears with propagation of the domain wall along a nanowire. The calculations have been proven by the analysis of hysteresis curves. To explain magnetic properties of closely-spaced nanowire arrays we have taken into consideration the magnetostatic interaction between adjacent nanowires and their structural defects, like as boundary grains. The investigated magnetic domain pattern of individual bended nanowires confirms rather complicated magnetization reversal mechanism than either coherent rotation of magnetization or its curling. Competition between the shape and magnetoelastic anisotropies can induce an unusual zigzag-like domain pattern in a single nanowire.

Dependence of the magnetic properties of nanocrystalline nickel films on grain size and surface morphology

Nickel films prepared by direct-current, pulse-current, and pulse reverse-current electrodeposition are studied. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy show that the films consist of fine grains. The electrodeposition conditions are varied to prepare films with different grain sizes and surface roughness. All the films are magnetically isotropic. In films with a grain size comparable to the width of Bloch domain walls, the magnetization reversal occurs owing to the incoherent rotation of magnetization. In films with a grain size of more than 350 nm, the magnetization reversal occurs not only through the incoherent rotation of magnetization, but also owing to the nucleation and displacement of the domain walls.

Magnetoresistive properties of the “small disk on a big disk” nanostructure

Magnetotransport properties of three-dimensional (3D) nano-sized structure with “small disk on a big disk” architecture are represented in this paper. We demonstrate an approach to analyze the spin configuration formed in the disks using magnetoresistance measurement. The behavior of magnetoresistance depends on the orientation of the applied magnetic field with respect to an axis connecting the centers of disks. This is explained by field dependent magnetic vortex nucleation and movement processes in the big disk. The experimental results are confirmed by the micromagnetic simulation of magnetoresistance loops.