Alfonso J. Chay-Canul

Potential of condensed tannins for the reduction of emissions of enteric methane and their effect on ruminant productivity

El metano (CH4) es un gas subproducto de la fermentacion de los carbohidratos en el rumen. La agricultura contribuye con el 47% de las emisiones antropogenicas de CH4, siendo los rumiantes responsables del 39% de las emisiones de metano enterico. Este gas de efecto invernadero (GEI) tiene un potencial de calentamiento global 25 veces mas que el CO2 y representa una perdida de hasta el 12% de la energia total consumida por los rumiantes. Este trabajo describe los mecanismos de accion de los taninos condensados contenidos en follajes y frutos y su efecto en los microbios del rumen, asi como su potencial en la mitigacion de las emisiones de CH4. Los hallazgos sugieren que los taninos condensados reducen la poblacion de protozoos hasta 79%, reduciendo ademas los metanogenos del rumen hasta en 33%. Los taninos condensados se unen a proteinas y polisacaridos formando complejos, reduciendo asi la digestibilidad de la meteria seca y organica y la produccion de H2 metabolico, el que es usado por metanogenos para la reduccion del CO2 a CH4. Estudios in vitro sugieren que los taninos condensados pueden reducir el CH4 en el rumen hasta 63%, mientras que in vivo se han registrado reducciones hasta 58% en la produccion de CH4. Ademas, la incorporacion de taninos condensados en la racion de rumiantes tiene el potencial de aumentar la ganancia de peso en 26%, relacionando esto al aumento en el flujo de proteina de baja degradacion ruminal al intestino delgado o la reduccion de la energia perdida en forma de CH4 en el rumen. Se concluye que la incorporacion de taninos condensados en la racion de los rumiantes en concentracion de 3-6% de materia seca puede reducir las emisiones de CH4 asi como mejorar la ganancia de peso y produccion de leche de los animales productivos.

Effect of supplementation with saponins from Yucca schidigera on ruminal methane production by Pelibuey sheep fed Pennisetum purpureum grass

The aim of the work was to determine the effect of increasing concentrations of saponins from Yucca schidigera in the diet on voluntary intake, rumen fermentation and methane (CH4) production in Pelibuey sheep fed a tropical grass Pennisetum purpureum. Five male sheep (32.2 ± 1.1 kg liveweight) were fed chopped P. purpureum grass in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Sheep were supplemented with 0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 or 6.0 g per day of saponins from Y. schidigera mixed with ground corn, before the grass was offered. Feed intake, feed refusal and total faecal output were recorded for 20 days of the adaptation period and 5 days of the experimental period. Apparent digestibility of dry matter (DMD), organic matter (OMD), neutral detergent fibre (NDFD) and acid detergent fibre (ADFD) were determined. Ruminal methane emission was estimated using stoichiometric balance and the molar proportion of volatile fatty acids was determined by gas chromatography. Voluntary intake, DMD, OMD, NDFD, ADFD, volatile fatty acids and CH4 emission were not affected (P > 0.05) by increasing inclusion levels of saponins in the ration of sheep. Nonetheless, CH4 production increased as the voluntary intake of NDF augmented. Addition of 6 g of saponins per day as a supplement to Pelibuey sheep fed a tropical grass did not affect voluntary intake and digestibility of DM, OM, NDF and ADF, or ruminal methane production.

Relationship between body weight and body condition score with energy content in the carcass of Pelibuey ewes

ABSTRACT: The determination of energy content in the carcass and body of domestic animals by direct method involves very intensive work and it is costly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) with the energy content of muscular and adipose tissues of adult Pelibuey ewes. Twenty two adult non-pregnant, nonlactating ewes of 35.63 ± 5.03 kg BW and 2.47±0.55 BCS were used. The correlation coefficients (r) of BCS between muscle energy (ME), fat energy (FE) and total energy (TE) were all significant (P<0.01) with values of 0.64, 0.66 and 0.69, respectively, while for BW between ME, FE and TE they were all significant (P<0.001) with values of 0.90, 0.76 and 0.89, respectively. The regression equations had high determination coefficients (r2) ranging from 0.87 to 0.94 when BCS was used as predictor, while using the BW the r2 ranged from 0.59 to 0.83. The inclusion of both BW and BCS in multiple regressions improved the prediction from 2 to 7%; nonetheless, the inclusion of BCS only was significant in the equation for TE. The use of BCS and BW in Pelibuey ewes provides a good estimate of the ME, TE and FE of the carcass.

Hematologic RIs for healthy water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in southern Mexico

BACKGROUND Baseline hematologic data are used by veterinarians and wildlife biologists to perform health assessments on target animal species. Hematologic measurements are influenced by various factors including geography. Baseline hematologic RIs have been established for domestic water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) from various countries in the Eastern Hemisphere, but these data are not readily available for the Western Hemisphere. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine hematologic values for domestic water buffaloes from several commercial farms in southern Mexico. METHODS Blood was collected from 126 healthy, postlactating females (3 to 10 years old) from the Murrah breed, and 10 hematologic variables were measured. RESULTS Means, SDs, RIs, medians (MED), median absolute deviations (MAD), and other statistics were calculated for each hematologic variable. The MED (and MAD) for each variable are as follows: RBC count, 7.6 (1.1) × 1012 /L; hemoglobin, 116.0 (13.3) g/L; PCV, 41.5 (7.6) %; MCV, 56.8 (7.0) fL; MCH, 14.6 (1.6) pg; MCHC, 250.0 (35.6) g/L; RDW (SD), 29.7 (5.5) fL; RDW (CV), 18.2 (1.4) %; reticulocytes, 0.0 (0.0) %, and WBC count, 12.4 (1.3) × 109 /L. These values were compared to those previously reported for water buffaloes from several countries in the Eastern Hemisphere and, on most occasions, they differed significantly. CONCLUSIONS Our data can be used by veterinarians and other personnel involved in buffalo production in Mexico during medical evaluations.

Study of gastrointestinal parasites in water buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis ) reared under Mexican humid tropical conditions

The objective was to determine the frequency of gastrointestinal parasites (GP) genera affecting water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) reared under humid tropical conditions of Mexico. Three hundred eighty-three Munrah breed water buffalo were included, 251 adult females and 132 calves. Feces were directly collected form the rectum of the animals and processed by the McMaster technique. Coprocultures were made to identify the genera of the nematodes. The frequency of GP in B. bubalis was 42%, independently of their age, 60% of calves resulted parasitized. Age had a strong association with the presence of GP (Xi2 = 77.4014, d.f. = 1, p = 0.001). The family Trichostrongylidae was found in both age groups. The genera identified were Strongyloides sp. (47.2%), Cooperia sp. (33.9%), and Haemonchus sp. (10.4%), as well as Eimeria sp., Moniezia sp., Trichuris sp., and Strongyloides sp. The highest parasite burden corresponded to the genus Strongyloides sp. with 1108.9 EPG. There is a need to carry out further studies in order to know the prevalence and incidence of nematode affecting to B. bubalis as an introduced animal species to Mexican tropics.

Effect of condensed tannins from Leucaena leucocephala on rumen fermentation, methane production and population of rumen protozoa in heifers fed low-quality forage

Objective The aim of the experiment was to assess the effect of increasing amounts of Leucaena leucocephala forage on dry matter intake (DMI), organic matter intake (OMI), enteric methane production, rumen fermentation pattern and protozoa population in cattle fed Pennisetum purpureum and housed in respiration chambers. Methods Five crossbred heifers (Bos taurus×Bos indicus) (BW: 295±6 kg) were fed chopped P. purpureum grass and increasing levels of L. leucocephala (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of dry matter [DM]) in a 5×5 Latin square design. Results The voluntary intake and methane production were measured for 23 h per day in respiration chambers; molar proportions of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were determined at 6 h postprandial period. Molar concentration of VFAs in rumen liquor were similar (p>0.05) between treatments. However, methane production decreased linearly (p<0.005), recording a maximum reduction of up to ~61% with 80% of DM incorporation of L. leucocephala in the ration and no changes (p>0.05) in rumen protozoa population were found. Conclusion Inclusion of 80% of L. leucocephala in the diet of heifers fed low-quality tropical forages has the capacity to reduce up to 61.3% enteric methane emission without affecting DMI, OMI, and protozoa population in rumen liquor.

Effect of metabolizable energy intake on energy partitioning into muscle and fat in Pelibuey ewes

In ruminants, seasonality and physiological conditions result in fluctuations in feed intake, inducing periods of underfeeding and refeeding throughout the year. These seasonal variations induce fluctuations in live weight in grazing animals (Atti et al., 2000; Mahouachi and Atti, 2005; Kamalzadeh et al., 2009), and consequently in the energy content of the carcass and the whole body. Nonetheless, in hair sheep breeds there is scarce information relative to carcass composition and energy changes in the carcass during periods of weight loss and gain. Moreover, it has been reported that knowledge of body composition of productive animals is of relevance in order to better assess nutrient requirements. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of metabolizable energy intake (MEI) on energy partitioning of muscular and adipose tissues in adult Pelibuey ewes.