Alfred Goldman

The Group Depth Interview: Principles and Practice

This book offers a comprehensive examination of the group interview technique--its origins theoretical rationale applications and procedures. Designed for those who buy and supervise market research as well as for those who moderate this book includes a discussion of the individual depth interview technique and its relevant applications. Among its key features the book details the rationale for qualitative research methods and appropriate applications and limitations and shows how group interviews fit into a broader context of quantitative market research. The real emphasis is on the practical use of group interview methodologies. While the abundant psychological theory on which the methods are based is not discussed extensively the reader is aware throughout of the depth of understanding that informs the text. The reader will come away understanding when to use the group depth interview methods--as well as when not to use them. The bulk of the book deals with how to carry out the research. The design of the study the details of conducting the study the analysis of the data and the writing of the report are all covered thoroughly. There are at least 3 groups who should read this book. The 1st includes group moderators and those who aspire to be moderators. The 2nd group is made up of marketing research generalists who often have to help fit the right method to the problem at hand. The 3rd group consists of product and marketing managers who are the users of research results.

Intramural Depolarization Potentials in Myocardial Infarction A Preliminary Report

By means of small intramural electrodes, potentials at multiple depths within the ventricular wall were recorded in myocardial infarction and in normal hearts. In 41 animals with coronary artery occlusion, electrocardiographic and histologic correlations indicated that coronary QS waves may represent negative potentials transmitted from viable intramural muscle as well as from the cavity. Coronary QR waves were obtained over transmural infarcts containing a mixture of viable and dead tissue, but not over purely subendocardial lesions. In the normal ventricle, positive depolarization potentials greatly predominated over negative potentials. Clinical applications are discussed.

Angina pectoris. II. Observations on the classic form of angina pectoris (preliminary report)

1. 1. Surgical procedures for the treatment of arteriosclerotic heart disease has made the recording of direct epicardial electrocardiograms possible in 15 patients with severe classic angina pectoris. Numerous “islands” of S-T segment depression widely scattered over all epicardial surfaces of both ventricles have been demonstrated. Areas other than these “islands” showed isoelectric S-T segments. “Islands” with epicardial S-T depression were not found in control patients. 2. 2. The “islands” with S-T segment depression could not be distinguished by virtue of pallor or cyanosis from the areas with isoelectric S-T segments. 3. 3. The occurrence of S-T segment depression in standard leads in classic angina is explained by the diffuse distribution of these “islands” of S-T segment depression. Standard leads face the “islands” of depression. 4. 4. The absence of reciprocal S-T segment elevation in other standard leads in classic angina is also explained. Reciprocal S-T elevation in standard leads is not manifest since the primary areas of S-T depression are located all over the ventricles. The occurrence of primary S-T segment elevation in the variant form of angina is noted, together with its restriction to a large discrete area supplied by a large coronary artery. In the variant form of angina the S-T segment depression is reciprocal in nature, in contrast to classic angina pectoris, in which reciprocal S-T segment changes are not noted in standard leads. 5. 5. Diffuse “islands” of epicardial S-T segment depression were produced experimentally in dogs by bleeding to markedly hypotensive levels. These “islands” of S-T segment depression in dogs could not be distinguished visually from areas with isoelectric S-T segments. Similar findings were noted in human beings with angina pectoris. 6. 6. Ligation of a large branch of the anterior descending coronary artery in dogs produced a large discrete area in which only epicardial S-T segment elevation was recorded. This area with S-T elevation was distinctly cyanotic, in contrast to the previously described “islands” with S-T depression which were not visually distinguishable. These findings were similar to those in patients with the variant form of angina pectoris. 7. 7. The similarity of local hypotension at the distal end of partially constricted coronary arteries, to generalized hypotension in the presence of normal coronary arteries is noted. 8. 8. The frequent persistence of classic angina following a myocardial infarction is explained by the diffuse location of the “islands” with S-T depression. Following infarction, many such “islands” remain. The disappearance of the variant form of angina following a myocardial infarction also is explained as being due to the localization of the changes to the single area which has been infarcted. 9. 9. The occurrence of S-T elevation in the variant form of angina makes prediction of the site of future infarction possible. The occurrence of S-T depression in classic angina does not permit prediction of the site of future infarction. 10. 10. The appearance of epicardial cyanosis in areas with S-T segment elevation on temporary ligation of a coronary artery suggests that coronary artery hypertonus may precipitate the variant form of angina with its S-T segment elevation. The absence of epicardial cyanosis in patients with classic angina, and in dogs with hypotension, suggests that coronary artery hypertonus is not the usual cause of classic angina. 11. 11. Ventricular arrhythmias are noted frequently in the clinical and simulated variant form of angina. They occur after the pain has been present awhile and has risen to a certain intensity. Arrhythmias are rare in the simulated form of classic angina, except for terminal ventricular fibrillation. Sudden deaths in classic angina probably occur as a result of ventricular fibrillation developing suddenly. 12. 12. Several clinical conditions are presented in which S-T segment depression is found in the absence of changes limited to the subendocardium. A number of experiments are presented indicating that the subendocardium does not contribute in significant degree to S-T segment deviations. These experiments indicate that S-T segment depressions are due to disturbances in the outer myocardial layers. 13. 13. The marked difference between S-T changes in classic angina pectoris (with S-T depression) and those in the variant form of angina or early myocardial infarction (with S-T elevation) suggests different chemical changes within the myocardium.7

Physiologic principles in the application of circulatory assist for the failing heart: Intraaortic balloon circulatory assist and venoarterial phased partial bypass

Abstract Venoarterial pulsatile partial bypass and intraaortic balloon counterpulse techniques produce (1) diastolic augmentation of aortic pressure which improves perfusion of the myocardium, and (2) a sink in presystolic and systolic pressures which lowers the workload of the left ventricle. Both techniques are effective in reversing the shock state in dogs and in man. Regional hemodynamic studies performed before, during and after counterpulsation explain benefits and drawbacks of each technique.

Venoarterial pulsatile circulatory assist in the treatment of resistant ventricular fibrillation

Abstract Ninety-six percent successful resuscitation was achieved after circulatory support in 25 dogs with resistant ventricular fibrillation; in 17 of these the fibrillation was induced by coronary occlusion. When arterial-coronary sinus lactate differences were studied, a negative balance of lactate was found during ventricular fibrillation. Circulatory assist was able to provide a positive lactate balance, suggesting improvement of altered metabolic pathways in the myocardium. Since cardiac arrest secondary to myocardial infarction induces hemodynamic and metabolic disturbances similar to those presented in this experimental model, this study provides evidence of the value of circulatory assist to enhance defibrillation when refractory cardiac arrest is present.

Effect of venoarterial pulsatile partial bypass on the coronary, renal and mesenteric circulations in cardiogenic shock☆

Abstract The effects of venoarterial pulsatile partial bypass upon the coronary, mesenteric and renal circulations were studied in cardiogenic shock. Circulatory assist corrected the shock state in 9 of the 10 animals as exhibited by return of systemic pressure to normotensive levels. The most uniform effect was the increase in coronary flow with lowering of coronary resistance associated with other objective signs of improved myocardial nutrition—that is, less cardiac irritability and correction of S-T elevations. Mesenteric flow was irregularly improved by pumping. Renal flow was not corrected; it remained at the same low levels that occurred during shock because of an increased renal vascular resistance.