Alfred S. Evans

Viral infections of humans. Epidemiology and control.

The biggest change in this edition is the addition of a second author, Richard L. Hasen of the University of California-Irvine. Rick is a long-time user of the book who has made many helpful suggestions over the years and is the author of Examples and Explanations: Remedies (4th ed. Wolters Kluwer 2017). It has been a true collaboration. There are no Laycock chapters or Hasen chapters; we have each reviewed every line of every chapter. We will spare readers our mutual respect and admiration, except to say that we are both very happy with the new arrangement.

Hodgkin's disease and Epstein-Barr virus. Altered antibody pattern before diagnosis.

In patients with Hodgkins disease, titers of IgG antibody against viral capsid antigen of Epstein-Barr virus and the prevalence of antibodies against early antigen are higher than expected. To evaluate whether this condition antedates diagnosis, we identified 43 persons with Hodgkins disease, from whom blood had been drawn and stored for an average of 50.5 months before diagnosis, and 96 controls from the same populations, from whom blood had been drawn at the same time. The relative risks of Hodgkins disease associated with elevated levels of IgG and IgA antibodies against capsid antigen were 2.6 (90 percent confidence interval, 1.1 to 6.1) and 3.7 (1.4 to 9.3), respectively. For Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen, the relative risk was 4.0 (1.4 to 11.4), and for early antigen D it was 2.6 (1.1 to 6.1). However, the prevalence of IgM antibody against capsid antigen was substantially lower in patients with Hodgkins disease (0.22 [0.04 to 1.3]). These associations were stronger in serum samples obtained at least three years before diagnosis than in serum samples obtained closer to diagnosis. We conclude that the development of Hodgkins disease may in some patients be preceded by enhanced activation of Epstein-Barr virus. Whether Epstein-Barr virus has a direct role in the pathogenesis of the disease or is simply a marker for a more fundamental factor affecting the immune control of latent infections is unknown.

Viral Infections of Humans

The biggest change in this edition is the addition of a second author, Richard L. Hasen of the University of California-Irvine. Rick is a long-time user of the book who has made many helpful suggestions over the years and is the author of Examples and Explanations: Remedies (4th ed. Wolters Kluwer 2017). It has been a true collaboration. There are no Laycock chapters or Hasen chapters; we have each reviewed every line of every chapter. We will spare readers our mutual respect and admiration, except to say that we are both very happy with the new arrangement.

Bacterial infections of humans: epidemiology and control.

and Concepts.- Epidemiological Concepts.- Surveillance.- Acute Bacterial Infections.- Anthrax.- Bacterial Food Poisoning.- Botulism.- Brucellosis.- Campylobacter Infections.- Chancroid.- Chlamydial Infections.- Cholera.- Diphtheria.- Escherichia coli Diarrhea.- Gonococcal Infections.- Haemophilus influenzae Type b.- Legionellosis.- Leprosy.- Leptospirosis.- Listeria monocytogenes Infections.- Lyme Disease.- Meningococcal Infections.- Mycoplasma pneumoniae.- Nosocomial Bacterial Infections.- Pertussis.- Plague.- Pneumococcal Infections.- Q Fever.- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.- Salmonellosis: Nontyphoidal.- Shigellosis.- Staphylococcal Infections.- Streptococcal Infections.- Syphilis.- Nonvenereal Treponematoses.- Tetanus.- Toxic Shock Syndrome.- Tuberculosis.- Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Disease.- Tularemia.- Typhoid Fever.- Yersinia enterocolitica Infections.

Seroepidemiologic Studies of Infectious Mononucleosis with Eb Virus

Abstract Certain epidemiologic features of infectious mononucleosis are indicated by antibody patterns to the EB or herpes-like virus of Burkitt lymphoma. The absence of antibody correlated well with susceptibility: of 268 entering college students whose serums lacked EBV antibody, infectious mononucleosis developed in 15 per cent; in 94 whose serums already contained antibody, none had clinical disease. EBV antibody also correlated well with heterophil antibody; EBV antibody was present in the serums of all 135 patients who had heterophil-antibody-positive infectious mononucleosis and also in six with clinically and hematologically typical cases whose serums were persistently heterophil-antibody negative, suggesting that EB virus may be associated with both forms of illness. In a third group of patients clinical features resembled infectious mononucleosis, but the serums contained neither heterophil nor EBV antibodies. At present, EB virus is strongly implicated as a cause of infectious mononucleosis.

Prevalence, Incidence and Persistence of EB Virus Antibody in Young Adults

Abstract The prevalence rate for antibody to EB virus measured by the indirect immunofluorescence technic in 1084 young adults varied from 26 to 87 per cent depending on age and geographic area. In a prospective study of 150 Yale students 53 had EBV antibody on entry into college; 43 of 97 students lacking antibody had seroconversion during the next four to eight years, 28 with recognized clinical infectious mononucleosis and 15 with inapparent or unrecognized illness. This was an infection rate of 11.1 per cent per year in the susceptible group. Of 164 Peace Corps volunteers 76 per cent had detectable anti-EBV titers on entrance into service, and of 30 lacking antibody 27 per cent were infected over one year while working in Colombia, South America. In Yale students EBV antibody was always present in serum specimens obtained as long as eight years after clinical or subclinical infection, usually at levels of 1:40 or higher.

CAUSATION AND DISEASE: A CHRONOLOGICAL JOURNEY THE THOMAS PARRAN LECTURE

A historical review of the evolution of concepts, postulates and guidelines concerning disease causation from early germ theory to current work in the area of chronic noncontagious diseases. Students and researchers in epidemiology, clinical medicine, microbiology and related fields will value discussion of changing criteria as these apply to speci

Depression of Cell-Mediated Immunity during Acute Infectious Mononucleosis

Abstract To elucidate mechanisms responsible for depression of cell-mediated immunity associated with viral infections, we studied 41 patients with infectious mononucleosis. Intradermal tests, lymphocyte stimulation in vitro and enumeration of peripheral blood T and B cells were performed. There was significant anergy and diminished lymphocyte responsiveness in vitro to mitogens and antigens during the first weeks of illness. This depression of cell-mediated immunity was accompanied by increased numbers of peripheral blood T and B cells. The numbers of atypical lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of several patients were too great to be classified as entirely T or B cells in type, and probably represent both types of lymphocytes. On the basis of these data, we hypothesize that T-cell response to viral infections results in antigenic competition, which is the major mechanism responsible for depression of cell-mediated immunity during infectious mononucleosis. (N Engl J Med 291:1149–1153, 1974)

Bacterial Infections of Humans

Bacterial infections of humans : , Bacterial infections of humans : , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Epstein-Barr Virus

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of the herpes group of viruses, is the cause of heterophil-positive infectious mononucleosis, of most heterophil-negative cases, and of occasional cases of tonsillitis and pharyngitis in childhood. Rarely, it may involve the liver or central nervous system as primary manifestations. This virus is also implicated as having a causal relationship to African Burkitt lymphoma, B- and T-cell malignant lymphomas, including those in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and nasopharyngeal cancer. High antibody titers are present in some patients with sarcoidosis, and in systemic lupus erythematosus.