Ali Berktay

Selection of MSW landfill site for Konya, Turkey using GIS and multi-criteria evaluation.

Landfill is a common solution for the final disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Turkey. Landfill siting is an extremely difficult task to accomplish because the site selection process depends on different factors and regulations. To ensure that an appropriate site is chosen, a systematic process should be developed and followed. Unsuccessful landfill siting is typically the result of strong public opposition. In this study, candidate sites for an appropriate landfill area in Cumra County of Konya City are determined by using the integration of geographic information systems (GIS) and multi-criteria evaluation (MCE). ArcGIS 9.0 software and its extensions were used as the GIS tool since it is able to perform suitability analysis using MCE analysis. To identify appropriate landfill areas in the Cumra district, eight input map layers including proximity to municipal and local wells and irrigational canals, distance from transportation routes and rails, distance from archaeological sites, distance from urban areas, land use/land cover, and land slope are used in constraint mapping. A final map was generated which identifies regions showing suitability for the location of the landfill site. According to the map, 6.8% of the study area is most suitable, 15.7% is suitable, 10.4% is moderately suitable, 25.8% is poorly suitable, and 41.3% is unsuitable. At the end of the analyses, three candidate sites are determined. The selection of the final MSW landfill site, however, requires further field research.

Removal of COD and colour from young municipal landfill leachate by Fenton process

Landfill is a common solution for the final disposal of municipal solid waste in Turkey. In recent years, studies of landfill leachate treatment by Fenton process have indicated that these methods can effectively reduce concentrations of organic contaminants and colour. The aim of this study is to investigate the removal efficiencies of colour and organic matter as COD from young municipal landfill leachate and the effect of operating conditions such as initial pH and Fenton’s reagent dosage. Leachate was collected from municipal sanitary landfill located in city of Konya, Turkey. The main characteristics of the leachate were: pH = 7.25, colour = 3510 ptCo, COD = 38200 mgL−1, BOD5 = 22000 mgL−1, ratio of BOD5/COD was 0.58 and alkalinity as CaCO3 = 10250 mgL−1. It is observed that presenting a high value of COD and BOD5 and the rate of BOD5/COD values indicate that the leachate can be defined as young. The treatment of the leachate by Fenton process was carried out in a batch reactor. Under the optimal operation conditions (initial pH = 3, 2000 mgL−1 Fe2+ and 5000 mgL−1 H2O2), 55.9% of the initial COD and 89.4% colour were removed.

Coagulation-Flocculation and Air Stripping as a Pretreatment of Young Landfill Leachate~!2010-02-12~!2010-03-24~!2010-05-11~!

Leachate from sanitary landfills is a strong wastewater in terms of organic matter and ammonia. Both biologi- cal and chemical processes can be used for organic matter but ammonia reduction by nitrification-denitrification often poses problems due to inhibition. In this study, leachate from solid waste landfill in Konya Municipal area was used and organic matter and color removal were examined by using different chemical matters (Alum, FeCl3, FeSO4) in the pH ad- justment with lime, NaOH and H2SO4. For ammonium removal, air stripping and its removal efficiency were investigated. For organic matter removal, the highest efficiencies were achieved as 44% by using 9 g/L alum at pH 11 adjusted with lime and as 45% by using 15 g/L FeCl3 concentration at pH 3. Color removal studies in coagulation experiments indicated that the highest color removal efficiencies could be obtained when pH was adjusted with lime. The lowest coagulant con- centration 1 g/L yielded the similar removal efficiencies as the concentration increased. In ammonium removal with air stripping, the optimum flow rate was 1 L/min and the optimum aeration time was 8 hours.

Electrical Energy Prices and Losses Respect to Turkish Social-Economic Situations

Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of the most widely used forms of energy. Electricity, which is a secondary energy source, can be generated from the conversion of other sources of energy, such as coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and renewable resources. Electricity prices have a deep impact on the competitiveness of a countrys industry. Some electricity losses may occur during the process of transmission and distribution from generators to consumers. Generally there are two types of losses, one is technical losses which cover transmission losses and the other is non-technical losses including distribution losses and the incidence of illegal usage. The aim of this paper is to present the electricity usage and prices and is also to focus on the electricity losses occur both technical and non-technical means. An “electricity losses map” was produced to illustrate the electricity losses. For this purpose, a vector-based Geographic Information System (GIS) software package Arc GIS 8.3 was employed to map the data. The rate of losses within the electricity provided to the national network was about 19% in Turkey. The incidence of illegal usage and hence the rate of non-technical losses could be reduced dramatically through establishing regular action.

Seasonal and spatial variability of metals concentrations in Lake Beyşehir, Turkey.

Lake Beyşehir is the largest fresh water lake and also the largest reservoir for drinking, and irrigation water in Turkey. The lake has an area of 656 km2 with an average depth of 5 m. Metal concentrations of aluminium (Al), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) were determined in Lake Beyşehir on 9 June and 19 August 2005, and 12 June and 22 August 2006. The water samples were collected from 40 sampling stations. The aim of this research is to determine metal concentrations and their seasonal and spatial variability in the lake. Generally, metal concentrations of Lake Beyşehir were found to decrease in the sequence of Fe > Al > Zn > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cu > Cd as 92.8, 81.8, 7.4, 2.7, 2.2, 1.9, 1.7 and 0.5 µg L−1, respectively. The results showed that the mean concentrations of the metals in the lake water did not exceed WHO (World Health Organization), US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) or TWQCR (Turkish Water Pollution and Control Regulations) drinking water guidelines. On the other hand, maximum levels of metals sporadically exceeded these standards in some sampling stations, especially for Al, Cr, Fe, and Pb.

Effect of COD/SO ratio on anaerobic treatment of landfill leachate during the start-up period

This study investigates the performance of an anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) during the start-up period of raw young landfill leachate treatment at two chemical oxygen demand (COD) to SO ratios of 20 and 4. The reactor was operated at ambient temperature and low organic loading rates (0.52, 0.76 and 1.05 kg COD/m3 per day). During the study, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) activity increased at the lower ratio of COD/SO producing higher levels of sulfide and alkalinity. The dissolved sulfide concentration reached an inhibitory level above 250 mg/L, which caused a sharp reduction in the total COD removal efficiency from 77–80% to 32%. Total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) production proceeded at a constant level despite increased organic loading. As the effluent total and organic COD concentrations increased, the inhibitory effect of the inborn sulfide was correlated to the limitation experienced in the hydrolysis/acidogenesis stages, and thus VFA production and organic matter removal.

Environmental science and pollution sensing, monitoring, modeling, and remediation

This special issue of Environmental Science and Pollution Research highlights selected papers presented at the Second International Conference on Water, Energy, and Environment (ICWEE 2013) which was held on September 21–24, 2013 in Kusadasi, Turkey, and organized by Izmir Katip Celebi University (IKCU) in Turkey, American University of Sharjah (AUS), and United Arab Emirates University (UAEU) in UAE. This special issue covers the topics of environmental quality measurements, contamination, detection, remediation, and prevention, as well as the management, monitoring, and modeling The ICWEE 2013 was a high-level international conference emerging as one of the best platforms for academic exchange, potential cooperation opportunities, and accelerating the transformation and promotion of achievements; it provided a forum for researchers as well as practitioners to address recent research results and to discuss various technical issues in top three problems of next 50 years, namely energy, water, and environment. Additionally, a number of leading practitioners, policy makers, and researchers were invited to deliver keynote lectures. The ICWEE program included peer-reviewed technical program, short courses, posters, and panel sessions, industrial presentations, and exhibition based upon, the following themes:

Contribution of Konya Plain Projects to the National Development in Turkey's Water-Related Energy

Konya basin is the largest closed basin in Anatolia. Konya plain project (KOP: Konya Ovasi Projeleri in Turkish) is a comprehensive group of projects, which includes construction of dams, hydroelectric power plants, and irrigation systems as well as providing developments in agricultural infrastructure, transportation industry, water supply, water budged, environmental impacts and in other issues. The KOP is described as being the second big project for the purpose of irrigation after South Eastern Project in Turkey. The KOP comprises 47,720 km2 of area spread over four river basins in Konya closed basin. The KOP consists of 12 projects including nine big scale water projects, two water supply projects, energy projects, and a number of small scale surface, and ground water irrigation projects. The KOP area covers the 73% of the total area that can be irrigated in Konya closed basin. Presently, 308,073 ha of land are irrigated by 12 individual projects in the KOP. In order to reach up to 617,923 ha irrigated area, much effort has been done in the all projects.

Application of sequencing batch biofilm reactor for treatment of sewage wastewater treatment: effect of power failure

AbstractThe operational performance of the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) for treating the university campus wastewater was evaluated. The effects of power failure on performance of processes were investigated by comparing chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS) removal, sludge settling properties and microorganism’s morphological properties by using SEM photos. The experiments were carried out at four 2-L reactors made from plexiglas. Three in four reactors were operated as SBBR. SBBRs were filled with the kaldnes biomedia K1 to 40, 50 and 60% of the volume of empty reactor. SBR and SBBRs were operated at 6/24 h cycling periods on a day that consisted of wastewater fill (30 min), reaction (4 h), settling (1 h) and draw (30 min), summed up to 6 h with the hydraulic residence time of 7.5 h. The effect of filling ratio on SBBR performance was also determined. In normal operation, average COD removal rates were calculated as 86, 88.5, 90.6 and...