Ali Cevat Tasiran

Trade Unions, Institutional Mediation and Industrial Safety Evidence from the UK

Results of studies that examine the relation between trade union presence and injury rates are often indeterminate and trade unions are sometimes apparently associated with danger not safety. The British WIRS data set has provided a unique resource whereby researchers may examine the relation between trade unions and injury rates as mediated through particular arrangements for health and safety. Yet here, too, most investigations have failed to find a negative relation. It is in this context that this article returns to the original data. Utilizing improved statistical techniques, it concludes that cases where trade unions have an input into health and safety committees and where there are representatives are to be preferred to those where there is no such trade union input or no representatives. It argues that considerable strengthening of regulatory provision is required on employee representation and consultation if health and safety is to be improved.

The Demand for Arms Imports

This article presents estimates of demand functions for arms imports for a panel of 52 countries, 1981–99, where there are non-zero observations for both the main measures, WMEAT and SIPRI. In principle, the WMEAT series is a value measure, while the SIPRI series is a volume measure, thus the ratio is a proxy for price. A baseline static log-linear model that makes arms imports a function of this proxy for price, military expenditure and per capita income, is estimated in a variety of ways. This shows significant price effects, with an elasticity around minus one; significant military expenditure effects with an elasticity below one; and no systematic effect of per capita income, though there is some suggestion that richer countries import less for the same level of military expenditure. Thus, there seems to be a relatively well-defined demand function of the form that has been assumed in much of the theoretical work. The article then examines the effects on the results of: measurement error in the proxy for price; choice of estimator; non-linearity; dynamic specification; and possible endogeneity of prices. In general, the results seem robust, though in cross-section there is a non-linearity – arms imports appear to rise and then fall as military expenditure increases – which is not apparent in time-series. The cross-section non-linearity may reflect the long-run effects of the development of domestic arms production capability on imports. However, because good data on arms production capability are not available, this explanation cannot be evaluated. Finally, the article reviews a range of potential criticisms of this approach, and areas for further research are also reviewed.

Trust, employer exposure and the employment relation

Managers often believe that the better employees know them, the more they will trust them. Yet although specialist literatures exist on labour turnover and tenure (whether job tenure has declined for example) there is no sustained investigation into the wider sociological question: what is the relation between length of service and employee trust? This article seeks to provide the first such examination of this, utilizing the 2004 Workplace Employment Relations Survey, a unique British dataset that permits controls to be made for a considerable number of industry, workplace and individual characteristics. The results do not fit the conventional wisdom.

Early labour-market experiences of second-generation immigrants in Sweden

This article investigates second generation immigrants early labour-market performances in Sweden. To study their labour-market success we estimate dynamic transition rate models–Cox type proportional hazards, in a competing risk framework using register based panel-data set. Our results reveal that parental resources affect not only second-generation immigrants’ continuing education but also their later labour-market success. The study verifies that finding a job is difficult for second-generation immigrants and the significant unobserved-heterogeneity parameter estimate may indicate discrimination. As a whole, second-generation immigrants have worse labour-market performances compared to their native-born counterparts.

Parental income and continuing education of second-generation immigrants in Sweden

Abstract Understanding the economic integration of minority ethnic communities requires an analysis of the educational process. This paper examines second‐generation immigrant youths’ educational attainments in comparison with those of similarly aged native Swedes. Binomial‐logit, grouped‐regression and multinomial‐logit models are applied to longitudinal data, 1991–1996. The results give evidence for socioeconomic determinants of post‐compulsory education and for parental influence on educational choices. Parental income affects second‐generation immigrants’ post‐compulsory education and Swedes’ choice of level of education. In general, the stronger the labour market positions of the parents, the higher the probability of the children continuing education. It is also found that the geographical origin of second‐generation immigrants matter, with youths of Asian origin having a higher probability of continuing their education. We suggest policy changes on different levels based on the evidence of the paper, as short‐run, long‐run and in general.

Packet Arrival Analysis in Wireless Sensor Networks

Edit paper Distributed sensor networks have been discussed for more than 30 years, but the vision of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has been brought into reality only by the rapid advancements in the areas of sensor design, information technologies, and wireless networks that have paved the way for the proliferation of WSNs. The unique characteristics of sensor networks introduce new challenges, amongst which prolonging the sensor lifetime is the most important. WSNs have seen a tremendous growth in various application areas including health care, environmental monitoring, security, and military purposes despite prominent performance and availability challenges. Clustering plays an important role in enhancement of the life span and scalability of the network, in such applications. Although researchers continue to address these grand challenges, the type of distributions for arrivals at the cluster head and intermediary routing nodes is still an interesting area of investigation. Modelling the behaviour of the networks becomes essential for estimating the performance metrics and further lead to decisions for improving the network performance, hence highlighting the importance of identifying the type of inter-arrival distributions at the cluster head. In this paper, we present extensive discussions on the assumptions of exponential distributions in WSNs, and present numerical results based on Q-Q plots for estimating the arrival distributions. The work is further extended to understand the impact of end-to-end delay and its effect on inter-arrival time distributions, based on the type of medium access control used in WSNs. Future work is also presented on the grounds that such comparisons based on simple eye checks are insufficient. Since in many cases such plots may lead to incorrect conclusions, demanding the necessity for validating the types of distributions. Statistical analysis is necessary to estimate and validate the empirical distributions of the arrivals in WSNs.

A Monte Carlo comparison of system Tobit estimators

Abstract Maximum Likelihood (ML) and two-stage estimation methods will be compared for the Amemiya (1974) and the Nelson and Olson (1978) specifications of the Tobit-system. The two-stage method proposed for the Amemiya specification has poor properties, however, for the Nelson and Olsen specification it performs better than the ML-estimator.

Does the assumption of exponential arrival distributions in wireless sensor networks hold

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have seen a tremendous growth in various application areas despite prominent performance and availability challenges. Although researchers continue to address these challenges, the type of distributions for arrivals at the cluster head and intermediary routing nodes is still an interesting area of investigation. The general practice in published works is to compare an empirical exponential arrival distribution of WSNs with a theoretical exponential distribution in a Q-Q plot diagram. In this paper, we show that such comparisons based on simple eye checks are not sufficient since, in many cases, incorrect conclusions may be drawn from such plots. After estimating the maximum likelihood parameters of empirical distributions, we generate theoretical distributions based on the estimated parameters. By conducting Kolmogorov-Smirnov test statistics for each generated inter-arrival time distributions, we find out, if it is possible to represent the traffic into the cluster head by using theoretical distribution. Empirical exponential arrival distribution assumption of WSNs holds only for a few cases. The work is further extended to understand the effect of delay on inter-arrival time distributions based on the type of medium access control (MAC) used in WSNs.

Low complexity sub-block perceptual distortion assessment for mode decision and rate-control

Video is being used in a variety of portable and low powered devices, via online/on-demand services, for personal communications or over heterogeneous/wireless sensor networks. Likewise, perceptual evaluation is being sought, to ensure video sequences maintain perceptual integrity. This raises a challenge, to bring high complexity perceptual algorithms into a low complexity environment. Existing perceptual solutions minimise the overall complexity by making the Lagrange multiplier (λ), the quantisation stage perceptually aware. These solutions are restricted to the block level using the original pixels, a model or previous encoded block, thus avoiding assessing individual subblock candidates. Current perceptual algorithms like structured similarity (SSIM) uses statistical based calculations, and in order to be compatible with existing scores a further high complexity function is required for scaling. This paper presents a perceptual distortion and activity assessment that can operate at the subblock for each candidate during the later stages of encoding, in mode-decision and in rate-control, without the need for statistical calculations nor the high complexity associated with scaling a perceptual algorithm. The paper will show how several perceptual techniques of SSIM luma function, just noticeable detection (JND) and a new proposed edge detection can be used to form a low complexity solution. Consequently, the proposed low perceptual assessment has additional timing increase of <; +4 % for medium and low activity video sequences.

Research methods in education, 7th edition

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