Ali H. Hassan

Association of orthodontic treatment needs and oral health-related quality of life in young adults.

INTRODUCTION Our objective was to assess the effect of different orthodontic treatment needs on the oral health-related quality of life of young adults. METHODS The study sample comprised 366 young adult orthodontic patients (153 men, 213 women; age range, 21-25 years). Each participant was assessed for orthodontic treatment need and oral health-related quality of life by using the dental health component of orthodontic treatment need index and the shortened version of oral health impact profile questionnaire. RESULTS Orthodontic patients who had little or no, borderline, and actual need for orthodontic treatment represented 14.8%, 56%, and 29.2% of the total sample, respectively. Orthodontic treatment need significantly affected mouth aching, self-consciousness, tension, embarrassment, irritability, and life satisfaction in both sexes. Also, orthodontic treatment need significantly affected taste and relaxation in both men and women. However, pronunciation and the ability to do jobs or function effectively were not significantly associated with orthodontic treatment needs in either sex. CONCLUSIONS These findings emphasize the impact of malocclusion on oral health-related quality of life of young adults.

Corticotomy-Assisted Orthodontic Treatment: Review

Corticotomy-assisted orthodontic treatment is an established and efficient orthodontic technique that has recently been studied in a number of publications. It has gradually gained popularity as an adjunct treatment option for the orthodontic treatment of adults. It involves selective alveolar decortication in the form of decortication lines and dots performed around the teeth that are to be moved. It is done to induce a state of increased tissue turnover and a transient osteopenia, which is followed by a faster rate of orthodontic tooth movement. This technique has several advantages, including faster tooth movement, shorter treatment time, safer expansion of constricted arches, enhanced post-orthodontic treatment stability and extended envelope of tooth movement. The aim of this article is to present a comprehensive review of the literature, including historical background, contemporary clinical techniques, indications, contraindications, complications and side effects.

Cephalometric norms for saudi adults living in the western region of Saudi Arabia.

European-American norms are still used in the orthodontic treatment of Saudi patients, despite the different ethnic backgrounds of Saudis. The aims of this study were to evaluate the cephalometric features of a Saudi population and to establish cephalometric norms for Saudis living in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Seventy lateral cephalometric radiographs of Saudis (32 females and 38 males; aged 18-28 years) with acceptable profiles and Class I dental relationships were traced and analyzed. The mean value, standard deviation, and range of 16 angular and linear variables were calculated. The resulting norms for Saudis were compared with European-American norms using an independent t-test. Male and female groups were also compared using the t-test. Saudis tend to have an increased ANB angle because of retrognathic mandibles and bimaxillary protrusion as compared with European-Americans. Males tend to have more prognathic mandibles than females as indicated by the statistically significant increase in facial angle (P < .05) and SNB angle (P < .05). Although the anterior lower face height was similar in males and females, males tend to have a steeper mandibular plane angle when related to the anterior cranial base than females (P < .05). Saudis have distinct cephalometric features, which should be used as a reference in treating Saudi orthodontic patients.

Orthodontic treatment needs in the western region of Saudi Arabia: a research report

BackgroundEvaluation of self perceived and actual need for orthodontic treatment helps in planning orthodontic services and estimating the required resources and man power. In the present study, the perceptive need as evaluated by patients and the actual need to orthodontic treatment, as assessed by orthodontists, were evaluated at two types of dental practices in the city of Jeddah using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN).MethodsA consecutive sample of 743 adults seeking orthodontic treatment at two different types of dental practices in Jeddah; King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Dentistry (KAAU) (Free treatment) and two private dental polyclinics (PDP) (Paid treatment), was examined for orthodontic treatment need using the dental health component (DHC) of the IOTN. The self-perceived need for orthodontic treatment was also determined using the aesthetic component (AC) of the IOTN. The IOTN score and the incidence of each variable were calculated statistically. AC and DHC categories were compared using the Chi-Square and a correlation between them was assessed using Spearmans correlation test. AC and DHC were also compared between the two types of dental practices using the Chi-Square.ResultsThe results revealed that among the 743 patients studied, 60.6% expressed no or slight need for treatment, 23.3% expressed moderate to borderline need and only16.1% thought they needed orthodontic treatment. Comparing these estimates to professional judgments, only 15.2% conformed to little or no need for treatment, 13.2% were assessed as in borderline need and 71.6% were assessed as in need for treatment (p < 0.001). Spearmans correlation test proved no correlation (r = -.045) between the two components. Comparing the AC and the DHC between the KAAU group and PDP group showed significant differences between the two groups (p < 0.001).ConclusionPatients perception to orthodontic treatment does not always correlate with professional assessment. The IOTN is a valid screening tool that should be used in orthodontic clinics for better services especially, in health centers that provide free treatment.

Pattern of third molar impaction in a Saudi population.

Objective To evaluate the current pattern of third molar impaction in a sample of Saudi patients. Methods One thousand thirty-nine orthopantomograms (OPG) of patients ranging in age from 19 to 46 years (536 males and 503 females) were evaluated to determine the frequency of impacted third molars, their levels of eruption, and their angulations. Results Four hundred twenty-two (40.5%) of the 1039 OPG showed at least one impacted third molar, with no significant difference between males (222; 52.6%) and females (200; 47.4%) (P = 0.284). The most common number of impacted third molars per OPG was one (72.5%). Impacted third molars were 1.64 times more likely to occur in the mandible than in the maxilla. The most common angulation of impaction in the mandible was the mesial (33.4%), while the most common angulation in the maxilla, was the vertical (49.6%). Level B impaction was the most common in both maxilla (48.2%) and mandible (67.7%). There was no significant difference in the frequency of impaction between the right and left sides in both jaws. Conclusion The pattern of third molar impaction in the western region of Saudi Arabia is characterized by a high prevalence of impaction that is greater in the mandibles and with no sex predilection.

Unilateral cross bite treated by corticotomy-assisted expansion: two case reports

BackgroundTrue unilateral posterior crossbite in adults is a challenging malocclusion to treat. Conventional expansion methods are expected to have some shortcomings. The aim of this paper is to introduce a new technique for treating unilateral posterior crossbite in adults, namely, corticotomy-assisted expansion (CAE) applied on two adult patients: one with a true unilateral crossbite and the other with an asymmetrical bilateral crossbite, both treated via modified corticotomy techniques and fixed orthodontic appliances.MethodsTwo cases with asymmetric maxillary constriction were treated using CAE.ResultsIn both cases, effective asymmetrical expansion was achieved using CAE, and functional occlusion was established as well.ConclusionsUnilateral CAE presents an effective and reliable technique to treat true unilateral crossbite.

Solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with iron to overcome barriers for treatment of iron deficiency anemia.

According to the World Health Organization, 46% of the world’s children suffer from anemia, which is usually treated with iron supplements such as ferrous sulfate. The aim of this study was to prepare iron as solid lipid nanoparticles, in order to find an innovative way for alleviating the disadvantages associated with commercially available tablets. These limitations include adverse effects on the digestive system resulting in constipation and blood in the stool. The second drawback is the high variability in the absorption of iron and thus in its bioavailability. Iron solid lipid nanoparticles (Fe-SLNs) were prepared by hot homogenization/ultrasonication. Solubility of ferrous sulfate in different solid lipids was measured, and effects of process variables such as the surfactant type and concentration, homogenization and ultrasonication times, and charge-inducing agent on the particle size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency were determined. Furthermore, in vitro drug release and in vivo pharmacokinetics were studied in rabbits. Results indicated that Fe-SLNs consisted of 3% Compritol 888 ATO, 1% Lecithin, 3% Poloxamer 188, and 0.2% dicetylphosphate, with an average particle size of 25 nm with 92.3% entrapment efficiency. In vivo pharmacokinetic study revealed more than fourfold enhanced bioavailability. In conclusion, Fe-SLNs could be a promising carrier for iron with enhanced oral bioavailability.

Bone inductive proteins to enhance postorthodontic stability

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the use of bone morphogenetic proteins to enhance postorthodontic stability in sheep and to develop a biological method of postorthodontic retention. MATERIALS AND METHODS First incisors were extracted in four mature and healthy sheep, and the second incisors were tipped reciprocally toward the midline and then retained. Dried bone matrix was injected into the distal periodontal space of the left second incisor. The right second incisor was left as a control. Both incisors were retained in the tipped position for 4 weeks. Then, the orthodontic appliance was removed and the teeth were left without retention. Six weeks later, the animals were killed and serial sections were prepared for histologic observation. RESULTS Unlike the control, the experimental second incisor maintained its tipped position with minimal relapse. On the distal periodontal space of the experimental tooth, areas of focal fusion between newly formed bone and newly formed areas of hypercementosis were observed. In the distal periodontal space of the control tooth, osteoclastic activity was observed along most of the socket wall, and the periodontal space appeared narrow and compressed. This brought the tooth close to the boundary of the alveolar bone, confirming the relapse observed on that side. CONCLUSION This study proposes a new method of retention in which a biologically safe osteoinductive material is used to retain the teeth via induction of points of approximation between the cementum and alveolar bone.

Intranasal in situ gel loaded with saquinavir mesylate nanosized microemulsion: Preparation, characterization, and in vivo evaluation

Saquinavir mesylate (SM) is a protease inhibitor with activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and is available in tablet form, which has three major problems. First, the drug undergoes extensive first pass metabolism. Second, the drug has a poor aqueous solubility. And third, it has low GIT permeability and absorption. These constrains lead to decrease oral bioavailability (4% only) and administration of large doses which increase the incidence of occurrence of the side effects. The aim of this research was to utilize nanotechnology to formulate (SM) into a nasal in situ nanosized microemulsion gel (NEG) to provide a solution for the previously mentioned problems. The solubility of (SM) in various oils, surfactants, and cosurfactants was estimated. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were developed and various nanosized microemulsion (NE) were prepared, and subjected to characterization, stability study, and droplet size measurements. Gellan gum was used as an in situ gelling agent. The gel strength, critical ionic concentration, gelation characteristics, in vitro release, and ex vivo nasal permeation were determined. The pharmacokinetic study was carried out in rabbits. Stable NEs were successfully developed with a droplet size range of 25-61 nm. A NEG composed of 17.5% Labrafac PG, 33% Labrasol, and 11% Transcutol HP successfully provided the maximum in vitro and ex vivo permeation, and enhanced the bioavailability in the rabbits by 12-fold when compared with the marketed tablets. It can be concluded that the nasal NEG is a promising novel formula for (SM) that has higher nasal tissue permeability and enhanced systemic bioavailability.

Cross-linked dry bonding: A new etch-and-rinse technique

OBJECTIVE To determine if acid-etched, cross-linked dentin can be dehydrated without lowering bond strength below that of cross-linked wet-bonded dentin in vitro. METHODS Using extracted human third molars, control acid-etched dentin was bonded with Single Bond Plus, using either the wet- or dry-bonding technique. Experimental acid-etched dentin was treated with 5mass% grape seed extract (GSE) in different solvents for 1min before undergoing wet vs dry resin-dentin bonding with Single Bond Plus. Completely demineralized dentin beams were treated with 5% GSE for 0, 1 or 10min, before measuring stiffness by 3-point flexure. Other completely demineralized beams were treated similarly and then incubated in buffer for 1 week to measure the collagen solubilization by endogenous dentin proteases. RESULTS 24h microtensile bond strengths (μTBS) in wet and dry controls were 53.5±3.6 and 9.4±1.8MPa, respectively (p<0.05). 5% GSE in water gave μTBS of 53.7±3.4 and 39.1±9.7MPa (p<0.05), respectively, while 5% GSE in ethanol gave μTBS of 51.2±2.3 and 35.3±2.0MPa (p<0.05). 5% GSE in 5% EtOH/95% water gave wet and dry μTBS of 53.0±2.3 and 55.7±5.1MPa (p>0.05). Cross-linking demineralized dentin with 5% GSE increased stiffness of dentin and decreased collagen degradation (p<0.05). SIGNIFICANCE 5% GSE pretreatment of acid-etched dentin for 1min permits the dentin to be completely air-dried without lowering bond strength.