Ali Kemal Ayan

Variations in total phenolics during ontogenetic, morphogenetic, and diurnal cycles inHypericum species from Turkey

Several species ofHypericum are used in traditional Turkish folk medicine. Their most medicinally important secondary metabolites are the hypericins, hyperforins, and phenolics. Here, we determined the ontogenetic, morphogenetic, and diurnal variations in total phenolics contents fromH. aviculariifolium subsp.depilatum var.depilatum (endemic),H. perforation, andH. pruinatum. Plants of wild-growingH. aviculariifolium subsp.depilatum var.depilatum andH. perforatum, and greenhouse-grownH. pruinatum were harvested four times per day during their vegetative, floral-budding, full-flowering, fresh-fruiting, and mature-fruiting stages. They were then dissected into stem, leaf, and reproductive tissues to be dried separately and assayed. The highest level of phenolics inH. aviculariifolium subsp.depilatum var.depilatum andH. pruinatum was found in the leaves, whereas the floral buds produced the greatest amount inH. perforatum. Variations in contents from whole plants fluctuated diurnally, differing among species over the course of ontogenesis, reaching the highest level at floral-budding and tending to increase at mid-day inH. aviculariifolium subsp.depilatum var.depilatum. ForH. perforatum andH. pruinatum, contents also were the highest during floral development, although no diurnal fluctuations were observed in those species.

Hypericin and Pseudohypericin Contents in Some Hypericum. Species Growing in Turkey

Abstract Hypericin and pseudohypericin content in stems, leaves, and flowers of some Hypericum. species growing in Turkey, namely, H. heterophyllum. Vent, H. hyssopifolium. L., H. linarioides. Bosse, H. monbretii. Spach, H. orientale. L., H. origanifolium. Willd., H. perforatum. L., H. scabrum. L., and H. triquetrifolium. Turra, was determined by HPLC. Hypericin and pseudohypericin were detected in all species tested except for H. heterophyllum., and the presence in H. orientale. and H. scabrum. was reported by us for the first time in the current study. Hypericin and pseudohypericin contents observed in the study varied greatly depending on species and plant tissues. The lowest levels of hypericin and pseudohypericin were detected in leaves of H. hyssopifolium. [0.030 and 0.051 mg/g dry weight (DW), respectively] whereas flowers of H. montbretii. produced the highest levels of both hypericin forms (2.52 mg/g DW hypericin and 3.58 mg/g DW pseudohypericin). H. montbretti. and H. triquetrifolium. were found to be superior over H. perforatum. with regard to hypericin and pseudohypericin content, encouraging the cultivation and biological evaluation of these species in Turkey.

Variation of hypericins in Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra growing in different locations of Turkey during plant growth

The principle medicinal secondary metabolites present in Hypericum species are thought to be naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin. The present study was conducted to determine ontogenetic and morphogenetic variations of hypericin and pseudohypericin contents in Hypericum triquetrifolium growing in two sites located in Northern Turkey. Plants were harvested at vegetative, flowering and fructification stages. Plants were dissected into stem, leaf and reproductive tissues at the time of harvest, dried separately and assayed for hypericin and pseudohypericin contents by high-performance liquid chromatography. The hypericin and pseudohypericin concentrations in the leaves and reproductive parts were highest at flowering and fructification, whereas the stem contents of these compounds decreased with advancing plant growth in both sites. The leaves contained higher concentrations of both naphthodianthrones than the stems or reproductive parts of H. triquetrifolium.

Direct and indirect regeneration of plants from internodal and leaf expiants ofHypencum bupleuroides gris

Species of the genusHypencum are of considerable interest worldwide because of their medicinal properties.In- vitro culture is a useful tool for both multiplication of the genus and studying its economically important secondary metabolites. Here, we present an effectivein- vitro propagation method forH. bupleuroides. Leaf and internodal expiants excised from 9-week-old,in vitro-germinated seedlings were cultured on a Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with benzyladenine (BA; 1.0 or 0.1 mg L-1) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D; 1.0 or 0.1 mg L1). Depending on the BA and 2,4-D combination used, these cultures produced adventitious shoot buds directly on the surfaces of both types of explants as well as excessive calli. Numerous shoots were obtained when the calli from both expiant types were cultured on an MS medium supplemented with 2 mg L-1 BA. Internodal expiants were more responsive than leaf tissues to direct and indirect plant regeneration. After shoots that regenerated from either the calli or the expiant surface were excised, rooting was best on an MS medium lacking any growth hormones. These rooted plants were then acclimatized under greenhouse conditions, and 90% of regenerants had survived. Ours is the first report ofin- vitro plant regeneration fromH. bupleuroides.

Secondary metabolites of Hypericum scabrum and Hypericum bupleuroides

The genus Hypericum (Guttiferae) is a source of biologically active secondary metabolites, notably hyperforin, hypericins and various phenolics. In the present study the presence of the phloroglucinol derivative hyperforin, the naphthodianthrones hypericin and pseudohypericin, the phenylpropane chlorogenic acid and the flavonoids such as rutin, hyperoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol, quercitrin, quercetin and amentoflavone were investigated in two Turkish species of Hypericum, namely, Hypericum scabrum L. and Hypericum bupleuroides Gris. The aerial parts representing a total of 30 individuals were collected at full flowering and dissected into floral, leaf and stem tissues. After being dried at room temperature, the plant materials were assayed for secondary metabolite concentrations by HPLC. All of the secondary metabolites examined were detected in both species at various levels depending on plant tissue except for hyperforin which was not accumulated in Hypericum scabrum. The presence of hyperforin and the phenolic compounds examined in both species were reported by us for the first time.

ISIRGANDA (Urtica dioica L.) FARKLI DOZLARDA NPK’lı ORGANO MİNERAL GÜBRENİN VERİM VE BAZI VERİM KOMPONENTLERİNE ETKİSİ

Organik tekstil urunlerine olan taleplerinin artmasi lif hammaddesi olarak kullanilacak bitkilerin talebini de arttirmistir. Bu talebe bagli olarak pamuk tariminin yapilamadigi iklim bolgelerinde, alternatif dogal lif bitkileri arayisi dogurmustur. Ozellikle marjinal tarim alanlarinin degerlendirilmesinde, lif elde edilmesi amaciyla isirgan yetistiriciligi gundeme gelmistir. Organik sertifikali tekstil hammaddesi olabilecek isirgan bitkisi uzerinde yapilan bu calismada, NPK’li organo mineral gubre dozlarinin, verim ve bazi tarimsal ozelliklere etkisi incelenmistir. Gubre uygulamalari 0, 10, 15 ve 20 kg/da seklinde olmustur. 2009 yilinda kurulumu yapilan denemenin bulgulari, vejetasyonun ikinci yili olan 2010 yilinda elde edilmistir. Arastirma da bitki boyu, govde kalinligi, dal sayisi, yas biomas verimi ile kuru sap verimi gibi tarimsal ozellikler incelenmistir. Ele alinan kriterler bakimindan en yuksek degerler 20 kg/da uygulamasindan elde edilmistir. Arastirmanin ikinci adiminda ise isirgandan lif elde etme calismalari yurutulecektir