Ali Tawfik

Role of Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Differentiation between the Viable and Necrotic Parts of Head and Neck Tumors

Background: Differentiation between the viable and necrotic parts of a tumor is essential for accurate biopsy results and for treatment planning. Purpose: To determine the role of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in differentiation between the viable and necrotic parts of head and neck tumors. Material and Methods: Thirty patients with malignant head and neck tumors underwent postcontrast MR imaging. Diffusion MR imaging was done on a 1.5T unit using multislice single-shot echo-planar imaging. Diffusion-weighted MR images were acquired with a diffusion-weighted factor b of 0, 500, and 1000 s/mm2, and an apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map was reconstructed. The ADC value was measured within the enhanced and nonenhanced part of the tumor, and the mean ADC values were calculated. The ADC value was correlated with biopsy results. Results: The mean ADC value of a viable part of the tumor was 1.17±0.33×10−3 mm2/s, and of the necrotic parts of the tumor 2.11±0.05×10−3 mm2/s. The difference in the ADC value between the viable and necrotic parts of the head and neck tumors was statistically significant (P<0.001). Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the ADC value were 92.9%, 93%, and 94.6%, respectively. Conclusion: Creation of an ADC map is an excellent method for differentiation between the viable and necrotic parts of head and neck tumors. Thus, the ADC map can be used to select the best biopsy site and to detect tumor viability in post-treatment follow-up of patients after radiation therapy.

Cervical sympathetic schwannoma with postoperative first bite syndrome

Extracranial schwannomas occurring in the head and neck region may arise from cranial, peripheral or autonomic nerves. Determination of the nerve of origin is not often made until the time of surgery. Schwannomas arising from the cervical sympathetic chain are extremely rare. These interesting tumors along with schwannomas in general and the remaining class of neurogenic tumors are known for their ability to mimic the physical and radiological findings of carotid body tumors. Surgery is the treatment of choice and major complications are infrequent. However, we report a case of cervical sympathetic chain schwannoma with postoperative first bite syndrome.

Study of Asymptomatic Microscopic Hematuria in Potential Living Related Kidney Donors

Thirty potential living related kidney donors with asymptomatic microscopic hematuria of nonsurgical causes were entered in this study. They underwent thorough history taking, medical and ENT examination, laboratory and radiologic assessment and pure-tone audiometry. Family members were also subjected to urine analysis and audiometry. Moreover, the 30 donors were subjected to kidney biopsies which were examined by light microscopy, direct and indirect immunofluorescent microscopy, and electron microscopy. Hereditary nephritis (with or without sensorineural deafness) was found to be the most common cause of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria (25/30), followed by isolated C3 deposits disease (3/30), IgA nephropathy (1/30) and IgM nephropathy (1/30). Since these disease conditions are of a progressive nature, we have concluded that relatives of uremic patients with asymptomatic microscopic hematuria should not be considered for kidney donation even if they are strongly motivated.

Cervical tracheal resection with cricotracheal anastomosis: experience in adults with grade III-IV tracheal stenosis.

INTRODUCTION Laryngotracheal stenosis is currently one of the most common complications associated with nasal and orotracheal intubation and tracheotomy. Once established, tracheal stenosis can be a complex and difficult problem to manage. PATIENTS AND METHODS We retrospectively analysed 2004-2010 data for 12 male patients with postintubation cervical tracheal stenosis (grade III-IV) treated in the otolaryngology department, Mansoura University Hospitals. All patients had a tracheostomy at presentation, and all underwent tracheal resection with primary cricotracheal anastomosis and suprahyoid release. RESULTS Grade III stenosis was present in five patients (41.7 per cent) and grade IV stenosis in seven patients (58.3 per cent). The length of trachea resected ranged from 2 to 4 cm, representing one to four tracheal rings. In all 12 patients, the procedure allowed successful tracheotomy decannulation. Minor complications comprised surgical emphysema (n = 2) and wound infection (n = 1), and were managed conservatively. Major complications consisted of restenosis (n = 3), managed in two patients by repeated dilatation; one patient was lost to follow up. CONCLUSION Segmental tracheal resection with cricotracheal anastomosis was successful in 11/12 (92 per cent) patients with severe cervical tracheal stenosis. The strategy for treatment of airway stenosis is now well established and success rates are high, with minimal or no sequelae.

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma with intracranial extension: Analysis of 23 Egyptian patients

The purpose of this study was to present our experience with definitive surgical management of patients with Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma with intracranial extension. The study included 23 male adolescents with histologically proven juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. The mean age was 14.7 years (12-20 years). CT, MRI+/-angiographies were for taken for the patients. Preoperative embolization was done with gel foam before the operation. Two surgical procedures were used; anterior subcranial transfacial transmaxillary approach (21 patients), while craniofacial resection was used in two patients. Middle cranial fossa was affected in 22 patients while anterior cranial fossa was affected in only one patient. Complete resection of the tumor was achieved in 19 patients with residual or recurrence in four patients. Complications of the surgical approaches were reported in 14 patients. The subcranial transfacial transmaxillary approach avoids the complications of craniotomy and provides adequate access for excision of Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma with intracranial extradural extension.

Preoperative embolization of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: a report of 34 cases

Abstract Preoperative embolization was performed in 34 patients with nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (NAF). Thirty-seven embolization procedures were done in those patients (three patients had tumor recurrence and repeated embolizations were performed). Embolization was done using Gelfoam (seven embolizations), contour particles (24 embolizations) and Ivelon (six embolizations). The internal maxillary artery (IMA) was embolized bilaterally in four patients (four embolizations), and unilaterally in 30 patients (33 embolizations). In 25 patients, intraoperative blood loss at primary surgery was insignificant (no blood transfusion was required) while in nine patients, the intraoperative blood loss ranged from 400 to 1500 ml (average 650 ml), and the average blood transfusion was 944.4 ml. Only three patients showed recurrence of the tumor after primary surgery (8.8%). Minor complications were seen in most of the patients in the form of mild to moderate local pain in the vascular territory of the embolized artery and slight temperature elevation. Other minor complications included nausea in three patients and local subcutaneous edema in only one patient. A major complication was encountered in only one patient who had left retinal artery occlusion and temporary visual loss due to embolization of the left ophthalmic artery. The results indicated that pre-operative embolization of the internal maxillary artery in patients with nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is a relatively safe technique, effective in reducing intraoperative blood loss and contributes to improving surgical results. We recommend it as a routine pre-operative adjunct to surgery for nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.

Midline nasofrontal dermoids in children: A review of 29 cases managed at Mansoura University Hospitals

OBJECTIVES Nasal dermoids are congenital anomalies constituting 3.7-12.6% of dermoids in the head and neck. Most of lesions are superficial but there is always a risk that it may end blindly within the deep structures of the nose or extend intracranially. Complete excision, regardless of extension, is essential and must be balanced against cosmoses. This study reviews the clinical characteristics and imaging findings as well as the appropriate surgical approach adopted for 29 cases managed at Mansoura University Hospitals. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed in 29 patients admitted for management of nasal dermoid between Jan 2001 and Jan 2015 at the Otolaryngology department of our tertiary referral university hospital. Recorded data included patients demographics, complaint, lesions site, pre-operative radiological findings, surgical technique, intra-operative findings, and post-operative squeal. RESULTS This series included 12 (41%) female and 17 (59%) male children, with a mean age of 2.5 years. Twenty seven children presented with a nasofrontal swelling of which 20 had an apparent sinus. Other presentations included a swelling in the inner canthum (1), nasal tip and columella (1). Nine (31%) patients had a history of infection and two patients gave a positive history of meningitis. Intracranial extradural extension was identified in 10 patients (34.5%) during preoperative imaging. Surgical modalities included local excision and direct closure (12), open rhinoplasty (7), bicoronal excision and craniotomy (10). In 9 cases, the tract was adherent to the dura but was carefully dissected and in one case resection required excision of a segment of dura and reconstruction. In a follow up period of 1-8 years, recurrence was detected in one case and the cosmetic results were satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS Those lesions are rare and require early precise surgical planning to achieve complete en bloc excision. This study reports a low morbidity associated with management of nasal dermoids with intracranial extension.

Urgent maxillectomy in infants for rare infantile maxillary tumors.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to present our experience with definitive surgical management of infants with Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infant (MNTI) and epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE). PATIENTS AND METHODS This study included four male infants with histologically proven MNTI (three infants) and EHE (one infant). CT scan and MRI were for taken for the patients preoperatively. Surgical intervention was used in all infants. RESULTS This study is a retrospective study that reflects our experience in the last 20 years in maxillectomy in infants. All infants were male with mean age 6 months (2-9 months). Complete resection of the tumor was achieved all infants with no residual or recurrence. Neither chemotherapy nor radiation was used in this study. CONCLUSIONS MNTI and EHE are rare tumor of infant. They present as a slow painless hard swelling of the maxilla. Imaging is an essential before surgical treatment. Complete excision is curative.

Partial cricotracheal resection for severe upper tracheal stenosis: Potential impacts on the outcome

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the potential impact of multiple preoperative and intraoperative variables on the outcome of partial cricotracheal resection and tracheal resection anastomosis (PCTR/TRA). METHODS The study was conducted on 35 consecutive patients of grade III and IV upper tracheal stenosis with or without subglottic involvement. The indication of PCTR/TRA was post intubation stenosis in all patients. Overall complications (major and minor) occurred in 18 patients. Perioperative mortality occurred in 1 patient. Anastomotic complications do not always mean failure of surgery. They may indicate one or more interventions; such as removal of granulation tissue or dilatation of restenosis, with good results in most cases. RESULTS At the end of treatment, 30 (85.7%) patients were decannulated successfully with effortless breathing and with good phonation and swallowing. Several perioperative factors were found to have a significant impact on the outcome of PCTR/TRA. Of these factors, comorbidities had the most significant negative impact, and indeed all the three patients who had comorbidities, were not successfully decannulated. Duration of intubation, length of resected segment and previous open airway interventions was reported to have a significant negative impact on the outcome of surgery. CONCLUSION PCTR/TRA for treatment of post traumatic subglottic or upper tracheal stenosis has a high success rate, especially in healthy patients without comorbidities, and without previous open airway interventions.

Surgical correction of bifid nose

OBJECTIVES Evaluation of the aesthetic outcome and functional aspect after surgical correction of bifid nose by combined Millard forked flap with external rhinoplasty BACKGROUND Bifid nose is a rare congenital anomaly that results during facial development but the explicit mechanism is not clearly understood. Clinical findings are quite variable with a wide range of severity. Surgical correction still represents great challenge to facial plastic surgeons; extensive deformities in many cases, rarity of condition and paucity of publications are contributing factors. METHODS Surgical correction of six patients with bifid nose by a combined Millard forked flap with external rhinoplasty RESULTS The aesthetic and functional outcomes were acceptable for all patients and parents. There were no considerable postoperative complications. CONCLUSIONS This approach is highly effective for various grades of bifid nose. Early management is preferable to avoid psychological morbidity. Secondary rhinoplasty is usually needed for cosmetic refinement.