Alice Eldridge

Understanding interaction in contemporary digital music: From instruments to behavioural objects

Throughout the short history of interactive digital music, there have been frequent calls for a new language of interaction that incorporates and acknowledges the unique capabilities of the computational medium. In this paper we suggest that a conceptualisation of possible modes of performance–time interaction can only be sensibly approached in light of the ways that computers alter the social–artistic interactions that are precursive to performance. This conceptualisation hinges upon a consideration of the changing roles of composition, performer and instrument in contemporary practice. We introduce the term behavioural object to refer to software that has the capacity to act as the musical and social focus of interaction in digital systems. Whilst formative, this term points to a new framework for understanding the role of software in musical culture. We discuss the potential for behavioural objects to contribute actively to musical culture through two types of agency: performative agency and memetic agency.

Issues in Auditory Display

Auditory displays have been successfully deployed to assist data visualization in many areas, but have as yet received little attention in the field of artificial life. This article presents an overview of existing design approaches to auditory display and highlights some of the key issues that are of practical relevance to the use of auditory displays in artificial life research. Examples from recent experiments are used to illustrate the importance of considering factors such as data characteristics, data-display mappings, perceptual interactions within and between display modalities, and user experience and training in designing new visualization tools. It is concluded that while further research is needed to develop generic design principles for auditory display, this should not stand in the way of exploration of bespoke designs for specific applications.

Filterscape: Energy Recycling in a Creative Ecosystem

This paper extends previous work in evolutionary ecosystemic approaches to generative art. Filterscape , adopts the implicit fitness specification that is fundamental to this approach and explores the use of resource recycling as a means of generating coherent sonic diversity in a generative sound work. Filterscape agents consume and deposit energy that is manifest in the simulation as sound. Resource recycling is shown to support cooperative as well as competitive survival strategies. In the context of our simulation, these strategies are recognised by their characteristic audible signatures. The model provides a novel means to generate sonic diversity through de-centralised agent interactions.

An Introduction to Evolutionary Computing for Musicians

The aims of this chapter are twofold: to provide a succinct introduction to Evolutionary Computing, outlining the main technical details, and to raise issues pertinent to musical applications of the methodology. Thus this article should furnish readers with the necessary background needed to understand the remaining chapters, as well as opening up a number of important themes relevant to this collection.

A new method for ecoacoustics? Toward the extraction and evaluation of ecologically-meaningful soundscape components using sparse coding methods

Passive acoustic monitoring is emerging as a promising non-invasive proxy for ecological complexity with potential as a tool for remote assessment and monitoring (Sueur & Farina, 2015). Rather than attempting to recognise species-specific calls, either manually or automatically, there is a growing interest in evaluating the global acoustic environment. Positioned within the conceptual framework of ecoacoustics, a growing number of indices have been proposed which aim to capture community-level dynamics by (e.g., Pieretti, Farina & Morri, 2011; Farina, 2014; Sueur et al., 2008b) by providing statistical summaries of the frequency or time domain signal. Although promising, the ecological relevance and efficacy as a monitoring tool of these indices is still unclear. In this paper we suggest that by virtue of operating in the time or frequency domain, existing indices are limited in their ability to access key structural information in the spectro-temporal domain. Alternative methods in which time-frequency dynamics are preserved are considered. Sparse-coding and source separation algorithms (specifically, shift-invariant probabilistic latent component analysis in 2D) are proposed as a means to access and summarise time-frequency dynamics which may be more ecologically-meaningful.

Manipulating artificial ecosystems

Artificial ecosystems extend traditional evolutionary approaches in generative art in several unique and attractive ways. However some of these traits also make them difficult to work with in a creative context. This paper addresses the issue by adapting predictive modelling tools from theoretical ecology. Inspired by the ecological concept of specialism, we construct a parameterised fitness curve that controls the relative efficacy of generalist and specialist strategies. We use this to influence the populations trajectory through phenotype space. We also demonstrate the influence of environmental structure in biasing evolutionary outcomes. These ideas are applied in a creative ecosystem, ColourCycling which generates abstract images.

Sinusoidal modelling for ecoacoustics

Biodiversity assessment is a central and urgent task, necessary to monitoring the changes to ecological systems and under- standing the factors which drive these changes. Technological advances are providing new approaches to monitoring, which are particularly useful in remote regions. Situated within the framework of the emerging field of ecoacoustics, there is grow- ing interest in the possibility of extracting ecological informa- tion from digital recordings of the acoustic environment. Rather than focusing on identification of individual species, an increas- ing number of automated indices attempt to summarise acoustic activity at the community level, in order to provide a proxy for biodiversity. Originally designed for speech processing, sinu- soidal modelling has previously been used as a bioacoustic tool, for example to detect particular bird species. In this paper, we demonstrate the use of sinusoidal modelling as a proxy for bird abundance. Using data from acoustic surveys made during the breeding season in UK woodland, the number of extracted sinusoidal tracks is shown to correlate with estimates of bird abundance made by expert ornithologists listening to the recordings. We also report ongoing work exploring a new approach to investigate the composition of calls in spectro-temporal space that constitutes a promising new method for Ecoaoustic biodiversity assessment.

Making sense of the wild: integrated participatory mapping for understanding community relationships to dynamic mountain landscapes

Existing research has demonstrated that capturing stakeholder attitudes to landscape may be most accurately performed in the field, in spite of the challenges this brings (Evans and Jones 2011). The use of innovative walking methods is emerging as a key tool for understanding experiences of and relationships with landscape and place. In conservation biology, these and other mobile methods have used underlying spatial data to develop a landscape typology, then spatially tagged and captured stakeholder attitudes in relation to that typology in-situ (Scott et al. 2009). This poster presentation describes our forthcoming research in Abisko, Sweden, which seeks to blend bio-acoustic methods with participatory mapping in order to comprehensively capture stakeholders’ perceptions of, knowledge about and attitudes towards dynamic Arctic environments. The use of this multi-sensory, participatory mapping methodology, which amalgamates experiential human data with empirical ecological survey data, can advance understanding of the complex interactions between society, environment and place in modern conservation approaches (Zia et al. 2015). This interdisciplinary and collaborative research project aims to engage research subjects in active, sensory roles for the co-creation of mutually beneficial knowledge. By complementing existing geophysical/ ecological surveys with insights into local community land-values using ethnographic methods, we build capacity for understanding the impact of environmental change on local communities within the Arctic, whilst developing a new methodology for broader use in the future co-production of sustainable land-management policies internationally. Furthermore, involving people in co-created conservation tools such as wildness maps may be one way of addressing the multiple conflicts currently surrounding wild land and wild species

Emotional associations with soundscape reflect human-environment relationships

In line with the development of socio-ecological perspectives in conservation science, there is increasing interest in the role of soundscape perception in understanding human-environment interactions; the impact of natural soundscapes on human wellbeing is also increasingly recognized. However, research to date has focused on preferences and attitudes to western, urban locations. This study investigated individual emotional associations with local soundscape for three social groups living in areas with distinct degrees of urbanization, from pristine forest and pre-urban landscapes in Ecuador, to urban environments in UK and USA. Participants described sounds that they associated with a range of emotions, both positive and negative, which were categorized according to an adapted version of Schafer’s sound classification scheme. Analyses included a description of the sound types occurring in each environment, an evaluation of the associations between sound types and emotions across social groups, and the elaboration of a soundscape perception map. Statistical analyses revealed that the distribution of sound types differed between groups, reflecting essential traits of each soundscape and tracing the gradient of urbanization. However, some associations were universal: Natural Sounds were primarily associated with positive emotions, whereas Mechanical and Industrial Sounds were linked to negative emotions. Within nonurban environments, natural sounds were associated with a much wider range of emotions. Our analyses suggest that Natural Sounds could be considered as valuable natural resources that promotes human wellbeing. Special attention is required within these endangered forest locations, which should be classified as a ‘threatened soundscapes’, as well as ‘threatened ecosystems’, as we begin to understand the role of soundscape for the wellbeing of the local communities. The methodology presented in this paper offers a fast, cheap tool for identifying reactions towards landscape modification and identifying sounds of social relevance. The potential contribution of soundscape perception within the current conservation approaches is discussed.

Psychological benefits of networking technologies in children’s experience of ensemble music making

Little is currently known about the possible benefits of using networked technology to enhance ensemble performance. This study explored whether the introduction of specially devised technology – networked tablets using traditional music notation – to a primary school orchestra would enhance the experience of ensemble music. Particular emphasis was placed on how the technology could help children to overcome practical problems associated with ensemble playing for early-stage musicians (e.g., keeping in sync with other players), thereby leading to better engagement with the music and ultimately greater enjoyment. Findings from a thematic analysis of responses from a focus group with eight young orchestra players aged 9–11 years and from an interview with the orchestra conductor, together with indications from the statistical analysis of 28 orchestra participants’ questionnaire responses, suggest that the technology did help to reduce the practical problems associated with ensemble playing. This appeared to interrupt the downward spiral of frustration and lack of confidence in playing for some young people, and enhanced the likelihood of feelings of enjoyment and belonging.