Amaia Azqueta

Novel quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives as new potential antichagasic agents

As a continuation of our research and with the aim of obtaining new agents against Chagas disease, an extremely neglected disease which threatens 100 million people, eighteen new quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives have been synthesized following the Beirut reaction. The synthesis of the new derivatives was optimized through the use of a new and more efficient microwave-assisted organic synthetic method. The new derivatives showed excellent in vitro biological activity against Trypanosoma cruzi. Compound 17, which was substituted with fluoro groups at the 6- and 7-positions of the quinoxaline ring, was the most active and selective in the cytotoxicity assay. The electrochemical study showed that the most active compounds, which were substituted by electron-withdrawing groups, possessed a greater ease of reduction of the N-oxide groups.

Antitumoral Effect of Phenazine N5,N10-Dioxide Derivatives on Caco-2 Cells

We studied the in vitro antitumoral effect of a series of phenazine di- N-oxide derivatives, named 2-chloroacetylamino-7(8)-nitrophenazine N(5), N(10)-dioxide (1), 2-amino-7(8)-(1,3-dioxol-2-yl)phenazine N(5), N(10)-dioxide (2), 2-chloroacetylamino-7(8)-(1,3-dioxol-2-yl)phenazine N(5), N(10)-dioxide (3), and 2-amino-7(8)-methoxyphenazine N(5), N(10)-dioxide (4), on Caco-2 cells. These phenazine N(5), N(10)-dioxide derivatives belong to our in-house chemical library. The products were selected according to their stereoelectronic characteristics and taking into account their differential cytotoxicity against V79 cells. Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 was used to study the cell growth inhibition capacity of these compounds, their capacity of altering the cell cycle and possible induction of apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, and genotoxic damage. The IC 50 after 24 h of incubation was lower for 1, 2, and 3 (4.8, 46.8, and 8.2 microM, respectively) than for 4 (474.7 microM). Compound 1 induced arrest in the G2/M phase at 24 and 48 h of treatment and apoptosis at the highest doses at 24 h of treatment. These facts were corroborated with caspase 3, caspase 9, and cytochrome c activation and DNA fragmentation at 24 h of treatment. The derivatives studied induced neither significant single strand breaks nor oxidative damage at the different studied times. We concluded that among the series of N(5), N(10)-dioxide phenazine derivatives analyzed, 1, which contains a nitro moiety and a chloroacetamide group, is the most promising as an antitumoral compound.

Phenazine 5,10-Dioxide Derivatives as Hypoxic Selective Cytotoxins: Part II. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies

The synthesis and evaluation as hypoxic selective cytotoxins of new derivatives of 2-amino or 2-hydroxyphenazine 5,10-dioxide are described. The compounds were developed as structural analogs of other bioreductive compounds and its in vitro cytotoxicities on V79 cells under hypoxic and aerobic conditions were determined. To gain insight into its mechanism of action electrochemical behavior, interaction with DNA experiments and QSAR studies were performed.

Cytotoxic activity of fucoxanthin, alone and in combination with the cancer drugs imatinib and doxorubicin, in CML cell lines

In the present study, we evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity of fucoxanthin (Fx) on two human leukemia cell lines, K562 and TK6, alone and in combination with the conventional anticancer drugs imatinib (Imat) and doxorubicin (Dox). For the purpose, we assessed the cytotoxic and proliferation effects by cell count, induction of DNA damage by comet assay, and cell death by nuclear condensation, annexin V staining, coupled with propidium iodide uptake, and protein expression of Bax, caspase-3, and Bcl-2 (western blot). Our results show that Imat increased cytotoxicity in TK6 cells and inhibited proliferation in K562 cells, while Dox decreased cell viability and proliferation in both cell lines. Fx per se increased cytotoxicity against K562 cells and decreased cell proliferation of K562 and TK6 cells. The effects were confirmed by phase contrast microscopy. However, the antiproliferative effects are not explained by induction of DNA damage or cell death. In co-incubation, Fx increased antiproliferative effects of both drugs in the cell lines tested, however no differences where observed relative to Fx alone. This study unveiled in vitro cytotoxicity of Fx by inhibition of cell proliferation in both cell lines. Further studies are needed to elucidate the signal transduction pathways and molecular targets involved in that effect.

Genotoxic evaluation of poly(anhydride) nanoparticles in the gastrointestinal tract of mice

Gantrez® AN 119-based NPs have been developed as oral drug carriers due to their strong bioadhesive interaction with components of the gastrointestinal mucosa and to their adaptable surface. The use of mannosamine to coat Gantrez® AN 119-based NPs results in a high mucus-permeable carrier, able to reach the gastrointestinal epithelium. Although their efficacy to transport a therapeutic agent has been demonstrated, their safety has not yet been thoroughly studied. They have proved to be non-cytotoxic, non-genotoxic and non-mutagenic in vitro; however, the in vivo toxicity profile has not yet been determined. In this study, the in vivo genotoxic potential of Gantrez® AN 119 NPs coated with mannosamine (GN-MA-NP) has been assessed using the in vivo comet assay in combination with the enzyme formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase in mice, following the OECD test guideline 489. To determine the relevant organs to analyse and the sampling times, an in vivo biodistribution study was also carried out. Results showed a statistically significant induction of DNA strand breaks and oxidized bases in the duodenum of animals exposed to 2000 mg/kg bw. However, this effect was not observed at lower doses (i.e. 500 and 1000 mg/kg which are closer to the potential therapeutic doses) or in other organs. In conclusion, GN-MA-NP are promising nanocarriers as oral drug delivery systems.