Amarpal Singh

Efficiency Investigations of Organic/Inorganic Hybrid ZnO Nanoparticles Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

The present research study focuses upon the synthesis, characterization, and performances of optoelectronic properties of organic-inorganic (hybrid) ZnO based dye sensitized solar cells. Initially, polymer dye A was synthesized using condensation reaction between 2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde and polyethylenimine and was capped to ZnO nanoparticles. Size and morphology of polymer dye A capped ZnO nanoparticles were analyzed using DLS, SEM, and XRD analysis. Further, the polymer dye was added to ruthenium metal complex (RuCl3) to form polymer-ruthenium composite dye B. Absorption and emission profiles of polymer dye A and polymer-ruthenium composite dye B capped ZnO nanoparticles were monitored using UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. Polymer dye A and polymer-ruthenium composite dye B capped ZnO nanoparticles were further processed to solar cells using wet precipitation method under room temperature. The results of investigations revealed that, after addition of ruthenium chloride (RuCl3) metal complex dye, the light harvesting capacity of ZnO solar cell was enhanced compared to polymer dye A capped ZnO based solar cell. The polymer-ruthenium composite dye B capped ZnO solar cell exhibited good photovoltaic performance with excellent cell parameters, that is, exciting open circuit voltage ( ) of 0.70 V, a short circuit current density ( ) of 11.6 mA/cm2, and a fill factor (FF) of 0.65. A maximum photovoltaic cell efficiency of 5.28% had been recorded under standard air mass (AM 1.5) simulated solar illuminations for polymer-ruthenium composite dye B based hybrid ZnO solar cell. The power conversion efficiency of hybrid ZnO based dye sensitized solar cell was enhanced by 1.78% and 3.88% compared to polymer dye A (concentrated) and polymer dye A (diluted) capped ZnO based dye sensitized solar cells, respectively. The hybrid organic/inorganic ZnO nanostructures can be implemented in a variety of optoelectronic applications in the future of clean and green technology.

The effect of phase matching factor on four wave mixing in optical communication systems: fuzzy and analytical analysis

In this paper, a modified analysis of Four Wave Mixing (FWM) by incorporating the third-order dispersion parameters is reported. With the help of a modified formula for FWM crosstalk, the effect of second- and third-order dispersion parameters at different input channel powers has been analysed. Under the combined effect of second- and third-order dispersion parameters, the crosstalk introduced by FWM is reduced. Further, we propose a fuzzy-based approach using Adaptive-Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to calculate FWM power by varying input channel powers at different intensity-dependent phase-matching factors, and observed that the results are very similar to analytical results.

Performance Analysis for Downstream Next Generation Converged WSN-PON ODN Network Incorporating Diverse Phase Delay

ABSTRACT In this article, a cluster-based WSN convergence with passive optical network (PON) as optical distributed network (ODN) has been proposed, where sensed information of WSN is transferred over fiber cable to enhance the transmission range. The proposed integrated WSN-PON network has been investigated at different fiber lengths incorporating diverse phase delays to WSN data. The performance of the proposed scheme is reported in terms of optical spectrum, SNR, and BER. The outcomes prove fruitful convergence of WSN-PON ODN and serve as a guideline to develop such a converged network.

Theoretical Investigation of XPM Induced Crosstalk under the Impact of Higher Order Dispersion (HOD) in SCM-WDM Transmission Link

Abstract In this work, an effort has been attempted for the comprehensive theoretical analysis to evaluate the impact of higher order dispersion (HOD) coefficients on non-linear crosstalk in SCM–WDM communication systems. The results are obtained to compute the inter-channel crosstalk due to XPM fiber nonlinearity under the individual influence of 2OD-, 3OD-, 4OD- and 5OD-coefficient at different modulation frequencies. The results are reported at varied values of optical span and input channel power, as these both parameters enhance the amount of crosstalk due to fiber nonlinearity in the SCM-WDM systems. This work is also carried out by taking into consideration of the different values of modulation index and walk-off parameter.

Impact of FEC on different modulation formats in optical communication systems

The desire for higher per-fibre transport capacities and at the same time, the drive for lower costs per end-to-end transmitted information bit has led to optically routed transmission systems with higher spectral efficiencies. Among other enabling techniques that are used for the purpose, optical modulation formats with the application of some forward error correction techniques have become key to the design of modern optical transmission systems. In this paper we have analysed the optical communication system to evaluate the performance of different modulation formats with or without applying forward error correction techniques.

Suppression of FWM in WDM optical communication systems using channel polarization and its comparative study using fuzzy model

Four-Wave-Mixing (FWM) is one of the major degrading factors in Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) optical fiber communication systems and networks along with other fiber non-hearties. As a result it is important to investigate the impact of FWM on the design and performance of WDM optical communication systems. In this paper simulation results are presented to analyze the FWM products those are maximized when polarization are aligned and are reduced when polarization components are orthogonal. A fuzzy model is developed to obtain the FWM power by varying the polarization and channel spacing. Further, the comparative study has been reported for both the cases. It is observed that the FWM effect reduces in 0.05 THz spaced channel compared to 0.03 THz and 0.04 THz.